Thesis advisor: Franziska Seraphim / This dissertation locates post-occupation Japan and U.S.-occupied Okinawa during the period between 1952 and 1972 within global and transnational histories of extraterritoriality. The subject of the historical inquiry is the politics surrounding the postwar U.S. policy of retaining extraterritorial jurisdiction over criminal cases involving its military personnel and locals in Japan and Okinawa. The primary objective is to historicize the U.S. Department of Defense’ seven-decades-long policy of maximizing national jurisdiction over its service members’ cases committed on foreign soil as well as contemporary Japanese attitudes toward ongoing public debates about Article 17 (criminal jurisdiction provision) of the 1960 Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. Based on archival documents collected in Okinawa, Japan, and the United States, I demonstrate how the racialized notions of civilization rooted in nineteenth-century western—and particularly U.S.—supremacy drove the rationale for the postwar American military legal regime of exception and invoked varied reactions to it. This dissertation highlights vertical interactions between state policymaking and local/transnational grassroots responses in occupied Okinawa and post-occupation Japan in order to show how U.S. diplomacy manifested on the ground, and how it coped with various forms of resistance and made adjustments in response. Over the two decades beginning with Japan’s recovery of sovereignty in 1952 and ending with Okinawa’s reversion to Japan in 1972, the triangular relationship underwent a process of negotiation over each entity’s legal and political subjecthood. Japanese civil society mobilized a nationalist protest movement against the specter of postwar U.S. extraterritoriality in the immediate aftermath of the Allied occupation asserting the integrity of territorial sovereignty. The lingering tensions between U.S. exceptionalism and Japanese nationalism were defused in the late-1950s as the Eisenhower administration decided to reduce the colossal presence of U.S. armed forces on the Japanese archipelago. In U.S.-occupied Okinawa (1945-1972), the islanders’ resistance to “extraterritorial” military justice also generated popular fronts. Yet, in contrast to the Japanese resistance which by and large relied on the Euro-centric Westphalian principle of national sovereignty, Okinawans came to employ the egalitarian spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the mid-1950s to demand legal justice and proper compensation even under military rule. As most U.S. military bases in Japan were moved to tiny Okinawa resulting from Washington’s realignment of U.S. armed forces in Asia in the late 1950s and thereafter, Okinawans’ protest against U.S. military incidents evolved in parallel with their institutionalization of popular human rights activism, and the process invigorated the consolidation of political forces for reversion. My research finds that as Japanese, American, and Third World activists joined Okinawans in solidarity as they all protested the postwar American military legal regime of exception, a new meaning of “civilization” was born through collective appeals for the rule of law and universal human rights that had long-term consequences even as Okinawa was integrated into the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement in 1972. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

No description available.

No description available.

Master of Science / Agronomy / Guihua Bai / Guorong Zhang / Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most damaging diseases in wheat, which impacts both grain yield and quality drastically. Recently, the disease has become more prevalent in the hard winter wheat (HWW) grown areas of the United States including Oklahoma where FHB has not been reported before. Growing resistant cultivars is the most economical and effective strategy for disease management. To dissect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance in a moderately resistant hard winter wheat (HWW) cultivar, Overland, a population of 186 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from the cross between Overland and Overley, a susceptible HWW cultivar from Kansas. The RILs were evaluated for FHB type II resistance in one field and three greenhouse experiments and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) markers. Three FHB resistance QTLs were mapped on Chromosomes 4DL, 4AL, and 5BL. The QTL on 4DL was the most consistent one and explained up to 13% of the phenotypic variation for type II resistance and 14 % for low Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK). Two GBS markers closely linked to the 4DL QTL were successfully converted to Kbioscience competitive allelic specific PCR (KASP) assays and can be used in marker-assisted breeding. In breeding, a single QTL may provide only partial resistance and pyramiding of several resistance QTLs in a cultivar can provide more protection in FHB epidemics. Fhb1 is a major QTL for FHB resistance from a Chinese source and Fhb3 is an alien gene from wild rye grass (Leymus racemosus). To study the effects of these QTLs individually and cumulatively in hard winter wheat backgrounds, they were transferred into two HWW cultivars Overland and Jagger. The results show that Fhb1 significantly increased FHB resistance, but Fhb3 did not. Thus, Fhb3 is not an effective gene for improvement of FHB resistance in HWW.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / Since 1900 there have been three distinct interpretations of Reconstruction--the traditional or "Dunning" interpretation and two major revisions, each demonstrating that changing climates of opinion in American society have vitally affected historians of Reconstruction. Near the beginning of the century historians were expected to answer questions on politics and the Constitution. The doctrine of white supremacy, as manifested by disfranchisement of Negroes and crystallization of the segregation system in Southern states and by the United States involvement in imperialism , was reaching its peak. Furthermore, emphasis was on conciliation between North and South rather than equality of races. These influences produced the "Dunning" interpretation. Historians of the "Dunning" school emphasized politics and the actions of individuals; believed in the inferiority of the Negro; sympathized with Southerners oppressed by unwise, harsh , and destructive Radical policies; and sharply criticized the motives and methods of Radical leaders [TRUNCATED]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2007. / "August 4, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-90).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005. / "August 2005." Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Twenty-three bottom-trawl fish assemblages were identified from the relative biomass of 33 dominant species that occurred in the National Marine Fisheries Services' triennial trawl surveys over the continental shelf and upper slope off California, Oregon, and Washington from 1977 to 1992. The assemblages accounted for about 70% of the total variation in species composition among 2,565 hauls. Although the assemblages persisted over the 15-yr study period and occurred within broad geographic boundaries, some had substantially different spatial distributions among surveys. The ability to differentiate assemblages across five environmental variables (latitude, depth, surface and bottom water temperatures, and surficial substrate) was low. The preponderance of hake-dominated assemblages throughout the study area suggests that Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) may play a large role in the dynamics of demersal fish communities off the west coast of the United States. The same data were used to establish general features regarding the abundance and distribution of the 33 dominant fish, and investigate intersurvey regional variation in species composition. Flatfish were generally widespread and at low density within areas of their occurrence. In contrast, rockfish were comparatively less widespread, and were at higher density within areas of their occurrence. Pacific hake, spiny dogfish, and sablefish were both widespread and occurred in high density. The greatest amount of variation in species composition occurred in the shallow shelf region off California, and the shallow and deep regions between Cape Mendocino and Cape Blanco. These regions corresponded to areas with the greatest amount of annual variation in upwelling. Contrary to upwelling, intersurvey variation in surface temperature did not appear to correspond to variation in species composition, but there was an unanticipated negative correlation between variation in bottom temperature and variation in species composition. Species composition was influenced in most regions by Pacific hake, spiny dogfish, and sablefish. A conceptual model was developed to explore the relationship between regional changes in a species' biomass, incidence, and density, and their potential affect on species composition. Empirical examination of the model was difficult. Five of six flatfish species (Pacific sanddab, rex sole, Pacific halibut, Dover sole, and English sole) exhibited a significant positive linear relationship between incidence and log-transformed biomass which is consistent with density-dependent habitat selection. There was evidence (albeit weak) from patterns in the occupancy of substrate types by these flatfish, that marginal habitats are associated with areas of mud for Pacific sanddab and areas of sand for rex sole, Pacific halibut, and Dover sole. / Graduation date: 1997

The close proximity to the New Madrid Seismic Zone and the significant population and infrastructure presents a potentially substantial risk for central U.S. cities such as Memphis, Tennessee. However, seismic provisions in currently adopted Memphis building codes for non-essential structures have a lower seismic design intensity level than the 2003 International Building Code (IBC) with broader acceptance nationally. As such, it is important to evaluate structures designed with these local seismic provisions to determine whether they will perform adequately during two different design-level earthquakes in this region. A four-story reinforced concrete (RC) moment frame with wide-module pan joists was designed according to current building codes relevant to the central U.S.: the 2003 IBC, the City of Memphis and Shelby County locally amended version of the 2003 IBC, and the 1999 Standard Building Code (SBC). Special moment frames (SMFs) were required for the IBC and SBC designs, but lower design forces in the amended IBC case study permitted an intermediate moment frame (IMF). However, the margin by which a SMF was required was very small for the SBC design. For slightly different conditions IMFs could be used. Nonlinear push-over and dynamic analyses using synthetic ground motions developed for Memphis for 2% and 10% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years were conducted for each of the three designs. The FEMA 356 recommended Basic Safety Objective (BSO) is to dually achieve Life Safety (LS) for the 10% in 50 years earthquake and Collapse Prevention (CP) for the 2% in 50 years earthquake. For the member-level evaluation, the SMF designs met the LS performance objective, but none of the designs met the CP performance objective or the BSO. However, the margin by which the SMF buildings exceeded CP performance was relatively small compared to that of the IMF building. Fragility curves were also developed to provide an estimate of the probability of exceeding various performance levels and quantitative performance limits. These relationships further emphasize the benefits of using an SMF as required by the IBC and, in this case, the SBC.

The recent civil nuclear cooperation proposed by the Bush Administration and the Government of India has heightened the necessity of assessing India’s nuclear fuel cycle inclusive of nuclear materials and facilities. This agreement proposes to change the long-standing U.S. policy of preventing the spread of nuclear weapons by denying nuclear technology transfer to non-NPT signatory states. The nuclear tests in 1998 have convinced the world community that India would never relinquish its nuclear arsenal. This has driven the desire to engage India through civilian nuclear cooperation. The cornerstone of any civilian nuclear technological support necessitates the separation of military and civilian facilities. A complete nuclear fuel cycle assessment of India emphasizes the entwinment of the military and civilian facilities and would aid in moving forward with the separation plan. To estimate the existing uranium reserves in India, a complete historical assessment of ore production, conversion, and processing capabilities was performed using open source information and compared to independent reports. Nuclear energy and plutonium production (reactor- and weapons-grade) was simulated using declared capacity factors and modern simulation tools. The three-stage nuclear power program entities and all the components of civilian and military significance were assembled into a flowsheet to allow for a macroscopic vision of the Indian fuel cycle. A detailed view of the nuclear fuel cycle opens avenues for technological collaboration. The fuel cycle that grows from this study exploits domestic thorium reserves with advanced international technology and optimized for the existing system. To utilize any appreciable fraction of the world’s supply of thorium, nuclear breeding is necessary. The two known possibilities for production of more fissionable material in the reactor than is consumed as fuel are fast breeders or thermal breeders. This dissertation analyzes a thermal breeder core concept involving the CANDU core design. The end-oflife fuel characteristics evolved from the designed fuel composition is proliferation resistant and economical in integrating this technology into the Indian nuclear fuel cycle. Furthermore, it is shown that the separation of the military and civilian components of the Indian fuel cycle can be facilitated through the implementation of such a system.