Thesis advisor: Franziska Seraphim / This dissertation locates post-occupation Japan and U.S.-occupied Okinawa during the period between 1952 and 1972 within global and transnational histories of extraterritoriality. The subject of the historical inquiry is the politics surrounding the postwar U.S. policy of retaining extraterritorial jurisdiction over criminal cases involving its military personnel and locals in Japan and Okinawa. The primary objective is to historicize the U.S. Department of Defense’ seven-decades-long policy of maximizing national jurisdiction over its service members’ cases committed on foreign soil as well as contemporary Japanese attitudes toward ongoing public debates about Article 17 (criminal jurisdiction provision) of the 1960 Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. Based on archival documents collected in Okinawa, Japan, and the United States, I demonstrate how the racialized notions of civilization rooted in nineteenth-century western—and particularly U.S.—supremacy drove the rationale for the postwar American military legal regime of exception and invoked varied reactions to it. This dissertation highlights vertical interactions between state policymaking and local/transnational grassroots responses in occupied Okinawa and post-occupation Japan in order to show how U.S. diplomacy manifested on the ground, and how it coped with various forms of resistance and made adjustments in response. Over the two decades beginning with Japan’s recovery of sovereignty in 1952 and ending with Okinawa’s reversion to Japan in 1972, the triangular relationship underwent a process of negotiation over each entity’s legal and political subjecthood. Japanese civil society mobilized a nationalist protest movement against the specter of postwar U.S. extraterritoriality in the immediate aftermath of the Allied occupation asserting the integrity of territorial sovereignty. The lingering tensions between U.S. exceptionalism and Japanese nationalism were defused in the late-1950s as the Eisenhower administration decided to reduce the colossal presence of U.S. armed forces on the Japanese archipelago. In U.S.-occupied Okinawa (1945-1972), the islanders’ resistance to “extraterritorial” military justice also generated popular fronts. Yet, in contrast to the Japanese resistance which by and large relied on the Euro-centric Westphalian principle of national sovereignty, Okinawans came to employ the egalitarian spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the mid-1950s to demand legal justice and proper compensation even under military rule. As most U.S. military bases in Japan were moved to tiny Okinawa resulting from Washington’s realignment of U.S. armed forces in Asia in the late 1950s and thereafter, Okinawans’ protest against U.S. military incidents evolved in parallel with their institutionalization of popular human rights activism, and the process invigorated the consolidation of political forces for reversion. My research finds that as Japanese, American, and Third World activists joined Okinawans in solidarity as they all protested the postwar American military legal regime of exception, a new meaning of “civilization” was born through collective appeals for the rule of law and universal human rights that had long-term consequences even as Okinawa was integrated into the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement in 1972. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

This thesis sets out to research the phenomenon that is extraterritoriality within Americancounterterrorism, doing as such by analyzing four policy reports from four differentpresidential administrations. The purpose of this thesis is to research the evolution ofextraterritoriality within counterterrorism policy based on the knowledge that there has been achange regarding the matter, significantly following the events of the 11th of Septemberterrorist attacks in 2001. This thesis, however, researches more than merely before and afternine-eleven. By analyzing policy report from Bill Clintons, George W. Bush’s, BarackObamas and Donald Trumps administrations, the study examines the evolution ofextraterritoriality over a larger time period. The two research questions ask what the view ofextraterritoriality within American counterterrorism has been and, in what sense have changesbeen made within American counterterrorism regarding extraterritoriality.Extraterritoriality has challenged a foundational norm within the modern international worldand that is state sovereignty. Extraterritoriality can be described as one actor asserts theirjurisdiction over another actor within a specific territory of another state. In this thesis, theAmerican military base in Cuba called Guantanamo Bay will be frequently referenced to as anexample of a place where extraterritoriality is present, a so-called extraterritorial domain.In order to analyze the empirical material, a qualitative, descriptive textual analysis has beenused and dimensions have been used as an analytical tool in this thesis.The main conclusions drawn are that there has been an evolution of extraterritoriality withinAmerican counterterrorism during the time these four presidents were in office. The evolutionhas not, however, been simply linear and this study shows that extraterritoriality can bevisible in all the different policy reports. The amount of extraterritoriality noticeable andregarding which matters of extraterritoriality is the primary difference.

Les succursales implantées dans un pays étranger sont plus autonomes que leurs consoeurs situées dans le même pays que la maison mère. Elles évoluent dans un environnement juridique différent et par conséquent les liens avec la maison mère sont distendus. Le tribunal de l’Etat d’accueil de la succursale est compétent et les lois de ce pays sont applicables. Toutefois, les lois du pays d’accueil ne sont pas les seules à être applicables. L’absence de personnalité juridique des succursales aura pour conséquence la sollicitation des lois de la maison mère. La cohabitation entre territorialité et extraterritorialité des lois peut donner lieu soit à des conflits soit à des situations de fraude. En l’absence de coopération entre Etats, les succursales qui sont des formes de rayonnement extérieur de la société deviennent des instruments pour pratiquer non seulement le forum shopping mais aussi le law shopping et le tax shopping. / The branches implanted in foreign countries are more autonomous than branches situated in some country as the parent Company. They evolve in a different legal environment and consequently the links with the parent Company are distended. The Court of the State of reception of the branch is competent and laws of this Country are applicable. But the laws of the host country are not the only ones to be applicable. The cohabitation between territoriality and extraterritoriality of the laws can give rise either to conflicts or the situations of fraud. In the absence of cooperation between States the branches witch are forms of brilliance exterior of the Company are transformed into instruments to have a practice not only forum shopping but also law shopping and tax shopping.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deia Virginia Tidei Holzmann.pdf: 908027 bytes, checksum: 7c5dac144c97c3c30b6f9d918e675b21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / In light of the globalization we are facing a new reality of global interconnections which act as a central power transforming the international judicial relationships. Some countries have enacted regulations with extraterritorial effects as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which establishes the sharing of information protected by bank secrecy which constitutes fundamental rights pursuant to the terms of the Brazilian Constitution. The proposal of the present work is to conduct an analysis of the Brazilian judicial system vis a vis the obligations established by the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) in order to explore possible conflicts between the American regulation and the Brazilian laws with emphasis in the review of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Brazilian Constitution. In the present work the topics covered are related to the historic and conceptual evolution of the bank secrecy and its insertion in the Brazilian law, the concept of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and brief analysis of the Intergovernmental Cooperation Agreement (IGA) executed between Brazil and the United States of America, considerations on individual rights and guarantees protected by the Brazilian regulation and conclusion about the treatment of bank secrecy in Brazil / Em face da globalização nos vemos diante de uma nova realidade de interconexões globais que atuam como força motriz transformadora das relações jurídicas internacionais. Alguns países têm promulgado regulamentações com alcance extraterritorial, como no caso do Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), que determina o compartilhamento de informações protegidas por sigilo bancário que constituem direito fundamental nos termos da Constituição Federal brasileira de 1988. A proposta do presente trabalho é realizar uma análise do sistema jurídico brasileiro vis-à-vis as obrigações estabelecidas pelo Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) de forma a abordar possíveis confrontos entre esta regulamentação americana e as leis brasileiras, com ênfase na análise dos direitos fundamentais assegurados pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Na presente dissertação são abordados temas referentes a evolução histórica e conceitual do sigilo bancário e sua inserção no direito brasileiro, conceituação jurídica do Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) e breve análise do Acordo de Cooperação Intergovernamental (IGA) firmado entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América, considerações acerca os direitos e garantias individuais tutelados pela regulamentação brasileira e conclusão acerca do tratamento do sigilo bancário no Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fluvio Cardinelle Oliveira Garcia.pdf: 504483 bytes, checksum: 3672f774a8f99f53fee55430421ad8dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-18 / The growing phenomenon of world globalization, intensified by the constant advances in technology, has made possible the practice of crimes which go beyond the limits of national frontiers and, more often, have its repercussions within various countries. Nevertheless, the application of criminal jurisdiction is, as a rule, guided by the principle of territoriality and, therefore, usually restricted to the illicit facts perpetrated inside a country´s territory. Considering these thoughts, the objective of this dissertation was to outline the spatial limits of the Brazilian criminal jurisdiction, starting with the rules of international penal law foreseen in our national system of laws, with special emphasis on cases related to the transnational criminality. Initially, the theme was contextualized with a succinct presentation of the basic fundaments of the jurisdiction institute. Following, the principles that lays the foundation for the Brazilian international penal law, the notion of moderate territoriality adopted by the penal code, the hypothesis of extraterritoriality and ultra-territoriality in the application of the criminal jurisdiction contemplated in our national system of laws, the physical and legal reach of the territory that Brazil exercises its sovereignty and the location of the crime defined in accordance with the theory of ubiquity, as well as other correlated terms, were studied. By the end, it was possible to outline the spatial limits of Brazilian penal law efficiency and, consequently, the boundaries of our national criminal jurisdiction, which obeys the standards of a territoriality that is made flexible by treaties, conventions, and international legal rulings which impede the exercise of the jurisdictional function in the crimes committed inside the Brazilian territory, and by specific situations and circumstances, legally foreseen, which, upheld in other international penal law principles, authorize the application of the Brazilian criminal jurisdiction in illicit crimes perpetrated abroad / O crescente fenômeno da globalização mundial, intensificado pelos constantes avanços da tecnologia, viabilizou a prática de delitos que transcendem os limites das fronteiras nacionais e, não raro, têm reflexos em diversos países. Ocorre, contudo, que a aplicação da jurisdição penal é, em regra, norteada pelo princípio da territorialidade e, portanto, geralmente restrita aos fatos ilícitos perpetrados em um determinado território. Nesta senda, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi delinear os limites espaciais de aplicação da jurisdição penal brasileira a partir das regras de direito penal internacional previstas no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, com especial enfoque nos casos afetos à criminalidade transnacional. Inicialmente, o tema fora contextualizado com uma sucinta apresentação dos fundamentos básicos do instituto da jurisdição. Em seguida, foram estudados os princípios que alicerçam o direito penal internacional brasileiro, as noções de territorialidade temperada adotada pelo Código Penal, as hipóteses de extraterritorialidade e de ultraterritorialidade na aplicação da jurisdição penal pátria contempladas pelo ordenamento jurídico nacional, o alcance físico e jurídico do território sobre o qual o Brasil exerce sua soberania e o lugar do delito definido de acordo com a teoria da ubiqüidade, dentre outros temas correlatos. Restaram esclarecidos, ao final, os limites espaciais de eficácia da lei penal brasileira e, conseqüentemente, de incidência da jurisdição nacional, que obedece a padrões de uma territorialidade flexibilizada, ora por força de tratados, convenções e regras de direito internacional que impedem o exercício da função jurisdicional nos delitos cometidos no território brasileiro, ora por situações e circunstâncias pontuais, legalmente previstas, que, amparadas em princípios outros de direito penal internacional, autorizam a aplicação da jurisdição penal brasileira em ilícitos criminais perpetrados no estrangeiro

L’extraterritorialité à l’échelle des frontières espagnoles interroge le champ d’application des normes de protection des droits fondamentaux lorsque les gardes civils espagnols surveillent les frontières depuis les enclaves de Ceuta ou Melilla, et depuis le territoire des pays d’origine et de transit de la corne ouest de l’Afrique. Dès son adhésion à la Convention d’application de l’accord Schengen, le Royaume d’Espagne est devenu un acteur central de la politique d’immigration en Méditerranée en structurant son mode de gestion intégrée de la frontière méridionale autour de la coopération opérationnelle avec les pays tiers. Se pose alors la question de la compatibilité de cette gestion de la frontière avec la règle de non-refoulement et l’interdiction des expulsions collectives, à partir du moment où les réfugiés et demandeurs d’asile potentiels, les mineurs non-accompagnés ou les personnes malades interceptés par la Garde civile à la frontière hispano-marocaine ou dans la Méditerranée, sont immédiatement remis aux autorités du pays tiers sans bénéficier des droits et libertés consacrés dans le droit espagnol. Cette applicabilité des droits est mise en doute lorsque l’Espagne met en oeuvre les politiques européennes relatives aux frontières extérieures pour empêcher les exilés d’entrer sur le territoire espagnol et de partir du pays dans lequel ils se trouvent. Cela revient à mesurer la juridicité du droit des réfugiés et des droits de l’homme dans un contexte de crise humanitaire qui force les exilés à se déplacer pour quitter leur pays et rejoindre l’Espagne par Ceuta, Melilla ou les îles Canaries. Cette thèse sur l’extraterritorialité permet plus largement d’appréhender la fondamentalité du droit de quitter un pays y compris le sien par rapport aux exigences de sécurité et de protection des frontières des États situés aux frontières extérieures de l’UE. / Extraterritoriality at the Spanish borders leads to the applicability of the rules of security and protection of human rights being considered when the Spanish Guardia Civil monitors the border from the enclaves of Ceuta and Melila and from the countries of origin and transit of the Western Horn of Africa. As a signatory of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, the Kingdom of Spain became a lead player in the immigration policy in the Mediterranean Region by organizing, alongside third countries, an integrated method of management of the southern frontier. This management of the borders questions the consistency of the principle of non-refoulement and the scope of prohibition of collective expulsions since potential refugees, asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors or ill persons are being intercepted by Spanish civil guards at the iberian-moroccan border and immediately handed over to the authorities of third countries without being able to ask for the rights and freedoms enshrined in Spanish law. The applicability of law is called into question when Spain responds to European requirements for external borders policy by preventing asylum seekers to enter Spanish territory or to leave their country of origin or transit. This leads to map the juridicity of refugees law and fundamental rights in a context of humanitarian crisis that triggers asylum seekers to move and leave their country to reach Spain trough Ceuta, Melila or the Canary Islands. This study upon extraterritoriality enables to explore the lawfulness of the right to leave a country, including one’s own, regarding the border security and protection policy of the states located at the outer borders of the EU.

Les œuvres des “poètes migratoires” génèrent un certain nombre de questions. La poésie, est-elle le genre littéraire adapté pour exhiber l’éloignement ? Et dans ce cas, est-il possible de déceler les marques expressives qui caractérisent la poésie des expatriés ? Notre recherche s’intéresse à la relation entre l’écriture poétique et l’étrangéité, à partir de l’analyse des œuvres de trois poètes latino-américains expatriés. Jorge Bocanera (1952), Argentin exilé au Mexique et installé des années plus tard au Costa Rica ; Fabio Morabito (1955) Italo-mexicain qui écrit en espagnol, langue qu’il adopte après son arrivée au Mexique ; et le Péruvien Eduardo Chirinos (1960-2016), “exilé” circonstanciel aux USA pour des raisons professionnelles. La poésie de ces migrants approfondit la visión d’un éparpillement existentiel, qui se ressent dans une identification désorientée, au-delà même de l’identité nationale. Leur “poésie migratoire” est habitée par cette “expatriation”, faisant du mot un foyer en mouvement, un rejet voire une intégration. Grace à des marques spatio-temporelles, à des références thématiques au bestiaire et à l’enfance, en plus des reflets de la rhétorique, le texte poétique est capable d’évoquer le voyage et de devenir voyage lui-même. / Building on the poetic works of the migrant poet questions arise. Is poetry the appropriate genre to exhibit displacement? In which case, is it possible to identify the expressive traits to define the poetry of displaced poets? Our research is focusing on the relation between the poetic writing and foreignness, through the analysis of the works of three Latin American displaced poets: Jorge Boccanera (1952), Argentine exiled in Mexico and abroad, and years later in Costa Rica; Fabio Morábito (1955), Italo-Mexican who writes in Spanish, a language which was adopted after settling in Mexico; and the Peruvian Eduardo Chirinos (1960-2016), circumstantial exiled in the United States, where he moved due to academic and professional reasons. The poetry of these migrants deepens into an existential dispersion, which has impacts on a disorientated identification, beyond national identity. Their «migratory poetry» transits through foreignness, turning the word into a moving home, into rejection, or even into integration. By means of temporary space traits, thematic references to the bestiary and to childhood, and reflections of the rhetoric, the poetic text is able to evoke the travel and also able to be a travel itself. / A partir de la obra del poeta migrante surgen distintas preguntas. ¿Es la poesía el género adecuado para exhibir el distanciamiento? En cuyo caso, ¿se pueden detectar marcas expresivas que definan la poesía de los desplazados? Nuestra investigación se interesa por la relación entre la escritura poética y la extranjería, a través del análisis de la obra de tres poetas latinoamericanos desplazados: Jorge Boccanera (1952), argentino exiliado en México y extranjero, años después, en Costa Rica; Fabio Morábito (1955), italomexicano que escribe en español, una lengua adoptada tras su arribo a México; y el peruano Eduardo Chirinos (1960-2016), exiliado circunstancial en EEUU, donde se traslada por motivos académicos y laborales. La poesía de estos migrantes profundiza en una dispersión existencial, que repercute en una identificación desubicada, más allá de la identidad nacional. Su «poesía migratoria» transita la extranjería, convirtiendo la palabra en hogar en movimiento, en rechazo, o incluso en integración. Por medio de marcas espaciotemporales, referencias temáticas al bestiario y a la infancia, y reflejos de la retórica, el texto poético es capaz de evocar el viaje y ser viaje.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude du changement de langue qui se produit dans l’oeuvre poétique de Pere Gimferrer. Pour y parvenir, il faudra activer un itinéraire complexe - critique, théorique et méthodologique -.La problématique qu’on présente, essaie de résoudre une question centrale : traiter d’élucider si ce changement de langue – du castillan au catalan, et après, du catalan au castillan – implique nécessairement un changement de style, ou si, par contre, le style du poète reste stable même s’il change sa langue d’écriture. Si la recherche est orienté à trouver une possible réponse à cette question, on se propose comme point de départ l’analyse des conséquences qu’entraîne l’écriture dans plusieurs langues dans la modernité.Pour cette raison on développe théoriquement les notions de « frontière », « extraterritorialité » ou « langue étrangère » qui nous seront très utiles pour mener à bien notre analyse. Dans la dernière partie, par le biais de la lexicométrie, on présente une approche exhaustive aux particularités lexiques et syntagmatiques de l’oeuvre de Pere Gimferrer. Finalement, on propose une réponse à la problématique proposée. / This thesis sets out to study the language change that occurs in the poetry of Pere Gimferrer. To achieve this,we will activate a complex route - critical, theoretical and methodological -. This issue tries to resolve a centralquestion: to elucidate whether this change of language – from Spanish to Catalan, from Catalan to Spanishnecessarilyimplies a change of style, or if the style of the poet remains stable even if he changes his writinglanguage. Although the research is oriented to find a possible answer to this question, we propose as a startingpoint, the analysis of the consequences of writing in several languages in modernity. For this reason wedevelop the theoretical concepts of "border", "extraterritoriality", "foreign language" or “mother tongue” that willbe very useful to carry out our analysis. In the last part of the thesis, and through the lexicometry, we present acomprehensive approach to the specific lexical and phrase structure of Pere Gimferrer’s work, in Spanish and Catalan. Finally, we offer a reply to the problem proposed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Galvao de Britto.pdf: 1356483 bytes, checksum: da73d05015996a2d841a7d4e9a63f490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study's purpose is the spatial criterion of the matrix-norm of tax incidence. Investigates it from an hermeneutic-analytical point of view, departing from the understanding of how spatial categories help humans in understanding the objects of experience, in order to isolate and transpose these categories to the study of law, testing them with the established theory of place of crime and conducting the analysis results for the formulation of a theory of the place of tribute / Esta pesquisa tem por objeto o critério espacial da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. Investiga-o desde um ponto de vista analítico- hemenêutico para, a partir da compreensão de como as categorias espaciais ajudam o ser humano na compreensão dos objetos da experiência,transpor as categorias isolada são direito,testando-as com a já estabelecida teoria do lugar do crime e, conduzindo os resultados da análise para a formação de uma teoria do lugar do tributo

En tant qu’organisation qui a vocation à réguler les échanges commerciaux mondiaux et qui promeut le libre-échange, l’OMC désigne naturellement l’une des principales, voire l’unique, structure internationale capable d’incarner l’approche multilatérale qui s’impose devant la mondialisation des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et des opérations de concentration. Les règles de concurrence présentes dans son corpus juridique, ainsi que la jurisprudence issue de leur mise en œuvre, grâce notamment à l’existence d’un mécanisme contraignant de règlement des différends, forment un droit primaire de la concurrence. Toutefois, un tel droit ne régit que les comportements des acteurs étatiques et n’appréhende les agissements des particuliers que de manière indirecte. Par conséquent, il nécessite d’être complété et adapté aux nouvelles réalités procédant de la mondialisation des économies, ce par le biais d’une adoption d’un accord multilatéral portant sur la concurrence. Le système de règlement des litiges devrait aussi subir une mutation, en renforçant ses techniques de sanction et en s’ouvrant aux personnes privées / As an organization which goal is to regulate international trade exchanges and to promote free trade, the World Trade Organization refers naturally to one of the main international structures or even the only one which can embody the multilateral approach needed to face the globalization of anti-competitive practices and concentration operations. The competition rules mentioned in its legal corpus as well as the case law from their implementation, are a primary competition law thanks to the existence of a coercing mechanism to solve problems in particular. However, a such rule only governs the states actors’ behaviours and is not directly apprehensive of the acting of the individuals. Therefore, it needs to be completed and adapted to the new realities of the situation by proceeding the globalization of the economies by means of the adoption of an multilateral agreement over the competition. The settlement of dispute system would need some change, by strengthening its technical punishments and by opening its gates to the private individuals