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This thesis is an analysis of the interrelationship between international and domestic determinants of state action in Ethiopia in the period 1974 - 1995. It uses an historical materialist framework to show that the Ethiopian state acts to further the interests of domestic merchant capital, and that continuities between successive regimes express a deeper underlying continuity in the structures of the social formation. It discusses the ways in which land reform further entrenched peasants in their existing conditions of production, in response to which the Derg regime undertook to extend state interventions in trade. State involvement in trade has been crucial to the ability of successive regimes to preserve and expand state structures. The alliance with merchant capital which underpinned the state's role in trade explains the decision to nationalise industry. Nationalisation led to a decline in industrial production to the benefit of domestic merchant capital. However the dominance of merchant capital exists alongside low-levels of capital accumulation which renders the state dependent on external alliances and therefore makes regimes highly susceptible to changes at the international level. The low-level of development of the productive forces has retarded the integration of Ethiopia and strengthened regional identities. The resulting fragmentation of power has been an enduring theme of Ethiopian politics. These continuities in underlying structures have contributed to continuities in regime action at the level of the degree of state penetration, the formation of state revenues, and the military basis of regime legitimacy. Finally, it suggests that the model offered here, of a state supporting a domestic merchant class, may be useful in explaining the relationship between states and classes elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

Discussions and considerations around nationalisation of the mining sector in South became more prevalent from 2009. There are certain implications or consequences related to these discussions, considerations or decisions that should be taken into account. The purpose of this study will be to determine what these consequences may be in a South African context by making inference from historic cases of nationalisation in other countries as well as testing the perceptions of respondents from a gold mine. In order to achieve the purpose of this study the researcher will do an in-depth literature study on the concept, history, consequences and related aspects of nationalisation. The perceived consequences will be tested by doing an empirical study on a sample of a gold mine. An online questionnaire has been distributed to the selected sample. The results have been collected by the researcher and was analysed by the Statistical Consultation Services at the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). Conclusions have been drawn from the analysed data and are reflected in the document. The results from the empirical study confirmed in most cases what the literature study has identified. The conclusions and recommendations have been provided by the researcher after taking into account the results of the literature and empirical study. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Discussions and considerations around nationalisation of the mining sector in South became more prevalent from 2009. There are certain implications or consequences related to these discussions, considerations or decisions that should be taken into account. The purpose of this study will be to determine what these consequences may be in a South African context by making inference from historic cases of nationalisation in other countries as well as testing the perceptions of respondents from a gold mine. In order to achieve the purpose of this study the researcher will do an in-depth literature study on the concept, history, consequences and related aspects of nationalisation. The perceived consequences will be tested by doing an empirical study on a sample of a gold mine. An online questionnaire has been distributed to the selected sample. The results have been collected by the researcher and was analysed by the Statistical Consultation Services at the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). Conclusions have been drawn from the analysed data and are reflected in the document. The results from the empirical study confirmed in most cases what the literature study has identified. The conclusions and recommendations have been provided by the researcher after taking into account the results of the literature and empirical study. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Texte remanié de : Inaug.-Diss. : Geschichte: Würzburg--1977, soutenue sous le titre--"Die Auseinandersetzung um Volksbegehren und Volksentscheid zur Fürstenenteignung im Deutschen Reich, 1925-1926" / Bibliogr. p. 299-321. Index.

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SubmItted In fulfilment of the Master of Arts Degree / The study traces and explains reformulation of ANC natlonatlsatlon policy between 1990 and early 1994. In doing so It develops the sociology of natlonallsatlon. It argues that natlonallsatlon is a nexus of particular social relations. First, since these relations are dynamic, nationalisation can only be fully understood through a concrete rather than an abstract approach to its study. Second, the nature of the relations which natlonallsatlon expresses are both political and economic. Therefore changes in ANC nationallsatlon policy cannot be analyzed only from an economic or pragmatist perspective. Finally, nationalisation reflects and expresses class relations. It is necessary to understand the class character of the major actors Involved and the balance of class forces to analyze any particular instance or absence of natlonallsatlon, The ANC's natlonallsatlon policy gradually rejected wlde-scalo natlonalleatlon. Nationallsatlon represents one form of the state-capital relation. The ANC's olass character as a nationalist organisation constrains It to act within the broad framework given by global trends in capitalism, since Its aim Is to get hold of a nation state (ttle characteristic political form of capitalism). As a government-in-waltlng' during the transition, It was Increasingly concerned to find the optimum relation between Itself (a future state) and capital In Its economic policy, the aim being to safeguard the national economy. The advancing lnternatlonallsatlon of capital has created a tendency for a multi-polar relation between individual capitals and various nation-states. Nationallsatlon (a close link between Individual capitals and a rjngle nation state) is out of line with these trends. However, these trends were not directly, unproblematlcally or even consciously assimilated Into ANC policy. The ANC's contradictory relation to its mass base Is key in understanding the ANC's increased sensitivity to such questions. The prolonged nature of the transition revealed the political limitations on nationalism In the present global context, in the ANC's vacillation between its mass base and other political actors. This constrained the ANC's ability to drive home an economic and political programme of Its own Initial choice and increased its sensitivity to capital and other major actors. Research Into the South African economy and the experience of other countries was Interpreted from the ideological framework given by the Eastern European revolutions and the collapse of command 1st economies, which themselves were interpreted from the framework of nationalist polit!cs. The study concludes that natlonallsatlon must be understood to express social relations. Its disappearance from ANC economic policy expresses the dynamic of the prevailing capitalist system, through the agency of a nationalist organisation. / AC2017

Capital-importing countries face a trade-off between the need to attract new investment and the desire to extract gains from investment already obtained. This dissertation analyses the developing countries’ taxation and nationalization of direct investment from the late 1960s and onwards. In contrast to previous work, it is considered that the developing countries compete with each other in their interaction with multinational enterprises. Using sequential bargaining games, two theoretical chapters determine the distribution of gains from direct investment through taxation and nationalization. One chapter adds external effects on the environment, casting light on when and why host countries may accept pollution as a price for obtaining direct investment. Finally, model based tests explain which countries nationalized in the 1970s, and why the nationalization policy was largely discounted in the late 1970s. The study suggests that host country policies which manipulate the behavour of multinational enterprises do not normally prevent direct investment from being undertaken, or distort the pattern of investment. Policies which interfere with ownership, on the other hand, may prevent and distort direct investment. Two states may be distinguished. The first, in which many countries nationalize, applies to the early 1970s. The second, in which few countries nationalize, has prevailed from the late 1970s. The findings of the study yield certain policy implications. The risk of a wide spread return to nationalization subsequent to an investment revival may not be curbed by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established as a member of the World Bank Group in 1988. A solution is likely to require measures that alleviate the developing countries’ acute scarcity of foreign exchange. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.