The exact controllability problems for systems modeled by linear parabolic differential equations and the Burger's equations are considered. A condition on the exact controllability of linear parabolic equations is obtained using the optimal control approach. We also prove that the exact control is the limit of appropriate optimal controls. A numerical scheme of computing exact controls for linear parabolic equations is constructed based on this result. To obtain numerical approximation of the exact control for the Burger's equation, we first construct another numerical scheme of computing exact controls for linear parabolic equations by reducing the problem to a hypoelliptic equation problem. A numerical scheme for the exact zero control of the Burger's equation is then constructed, based on the simple iteration of the corresponding linearized problem. The efficiency of the computational methods are illustrated by a variety of numerical experiments. / Ph. D.

Great progress has been achieved over the past fifteen years in the computation of two-dimensional turbulent flows. The proceedings of the 1968 Stanford Conference (1) attest to the success of several methods in predicting skin friction and heat transfer coefficients, mean velocity and temperature fields, and to a lesser degree boundary layer separation. This success is due less to the fact that the physics of turbulence is well understood (it is not) than to the fact that the existent two-dimensional data obtained within pipes and on external surfaces have lent themselves to correlation. It is these correlations (particularly near-wall similarity or the law-of-the-wall) which serve as the empirical foundation of the mixing length and eddy viscosity "theories" of turbulence. The term mathematical model may more aptly describe the mixing length/eddy viscosity approach to turbulence than the word theory, for these concepts take into account little of the basic dynamics of turbulence (its production, intensity, frequency, and dissipation). Yet these methods are significant precisely because they do predict with uncanny accuracy the gross consequences of turbulence in a number of two-dimensional flows of practical interest. Mixing length/eddy viscosity models are attractive to the engineer because these models are agreeably simplistic. That is, their formulation is algebraic and does not involve differential equations or additional turbulent transport equations. The monograph (2) of Launder and Spalding presents an excellent review and evaluation of current mathematical models of turbulence. On account of their simplicity, the mixing length/eddy viscosity models are relatively straightforward to implement and economical to use. Thus they are ideally suited for industry. The present work is an investigation of the suitability of the eddy viscosity approach for the prediction of three-dimensional turbulent flows. The eddy viscosity formulation employed is essentially an extended two-dimensional model. Unfortunately, endeavors to correlate three-dimensional turbulent data have not been as successful as with the two-dimensional case. White (3) has neatly summarized the more significant postulations of a three-dimensional law-of-the-wall. All are patterned after the two-dimensional near-wall similarity hypothesis, and of course none can be confirmed without direct measurement of wall shear stress. No such measurements have been performed to date with the exception of the data of Pierce and Krornmenhoek (4), who did not specifically study the question of near-wall similarity in three-dimensional flows. Thus the present analysis is necessarily a simplistic one. It is based on the fact that every turbulent flow is actually three-dimensional and on the supposition that a correlation which succeeds with a two-dimensional mean velocity field may well succeed in the calculation of a three-dimensional field. / Ph. D.

Yes / Oil and Gas plants consist of a set of heat exchangers, which are used in recovering the waste heat from product streams to preheat the oil. The heat transfer coefficient of exchangers declines considerably during the operation period due to fouling. Fouling in heat exchangers is a complex phenomenon due to the acceleration of many layers of chemical substances across tubes of heat exchangers resulting from chemical reactions and surface roughness. In this paper, the fouling process was determined as a critical failure in the heat exchanger. Failure is an accelerated fouling layer across the heat exchanger tubes, which can be the reason for the clogging of tubes. Hence, a risk assessment was conducted using the Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) approach to estimate the probability of fouling in heat exchangers. The results showed that the RBI approach can be used successfully to predict the suitable time to shut down the plant and conduct the fouling cleaning process.

Yes / This chapter is an attempt at reflecting on applying the capability approach to cities and the challenges of inclusive and sustainable cities. The chapter starts with a brief literature review of some of the previous studies that have attempted to extend capability approach and human development thinking to urban issues. Then the chapter proceeds to look at a number of urban and city issues from the lens of expanding substantive freedoms. The paper includes analysis of evidence on life expectancy and living in urban areas. Some conclusions are identified.

This study sought to holistically describe the development and implementation of a pilot learning community program at Florida Gulf Coast University. The study used qualitative and quantitative methodology to examine the purposes and conceptualization of the program, explore the perceptions of student and faculty participants, describe the characteristics of students who chose to participate in the learning community, and determine what effects the program had on student success and retention. Semi-structure interviews were conducted with participating faculty. Data were transcribed and coded using categorical aggregation to organize and report emerging themes. Student focus groups were facilitated in pre-program and post-program sessions to determine expectations and attitudes of student participants. Proxy measures were used from the College Study Inventory, an assessment of student motivational factors to determine selected student characteristics. Measures from student records were analyzed to determine academic success and retention effects. The study resulted in a description of the conceptualization and implementation of the learning community and a review of the purposes and goals of the program. Findings of the study indicated that students who participated in the program had lower high school grades yet were more receptive to academic assistance in college. Student participants gave higher importance to social aspects of the learning community and learning through peer assistance. Themes that emerged from faculty interviews included differences in perceptions regarding faculty student boundaries, student socialization effects, planning and organizational issues, and pedagogical practices regarding the use of cooperative strategies in the classroom. The study provided recommendations for further programming efforts that were based upon the review of the current literature on student development theory, organizational theories, and learning community research.

No / This paper employs the standard General Auto-regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH(1,1)) process to examine the impact of option listing on volatility the underlying stocks. It takes into consideration the time variation in the individual stock's variance and explicitly tests whether option listing causes any permanent volatility change. It also investigates the impact of option listing on the speed at which information is incorporated into the stock price. The study uses clean samples to avoid sample selection biases and control samples to account for the change in the volatility and/or information flows that may be caused by factors other than option listing.

Yes / The capability approach (CA), while originally regarded as a ‘thin’ framework relating to an individual’s ‘States’, has been progressively deployed in wider spaces of social welfare and policy development. In general, the CA centralises an individual’s (or group’s) functionings, and the freedom to achieve those functionings. One under-researched area is the expression of capabilities when constraints are imposed hegemonically, that is, when an individual (or group) appears to consent to having their choices limited because of some underlying sociocultural ideology. Hegemonic forces are particularly relevant to the application of the CA against the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs); specifically, reduced inequalities (Goal 10) under its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, since it is generally under large-scale policy regime shifts that sociocultural inequalities are broken and renewed. New, less transparent hegemonies often emerge within policy changes that seek to address inequalities, and they typically embody a mitigating reaction to social risks emanating from policy change. The chapter is fundamentally a theoretical and conceptual paper, approached from an interdisciplinary context, and draws on concepts such as sustainable development, capability approach, and freedom in analysing hegemonic forces with respect to reducing inequalities. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 26 Jan 2026.

No / People with dementia need increasingly specialised support as they approach the end of life, and so too do their families and the professionals working with them. This book describes not only what can be done to ensure maximum quality of life for those in the final stages of the illness, but also how best to support those involved in caring for them. Emphasising the importance of being attuned to the experiences and needs of the person with dementia, the authors explain why and how they should be included in decisions relating to their end of life care. Practical strategies for ensuring physical and emotional wellbeing are provided, drawing on useful examples from practice and providing solutions to potential challenges that carers and family members will face. Dilemmas surrounding end of life care are explored in detail, including the moral dilemma of medical intervention, and the authors suggest ways of supporting family members through the process in terms of providing information, helping them adjust to change and loss, and involving them in their relative's care, and at how care staff can be supported through appropriate education and training, team building and information-giving.

No / In many respects, the so-called dementia community has arrived rather belatedly at a debate on rights and citizenship in relation to dementia. Only recently have we begun to witness the emergence of policy and analysis where questions concerning rights, equality and social participation are being explicitly addressed. In this context, much can potentially be learned from the earlier campaigns for equality and the critical response they have subsequently engendered. Indeed, it might be argued that a more critical level or layer of analysis is largely missing from the field of dementia studies that only becomes clear when we draw comparisons to these other struggles for emancipation. It is this gap, or critical silence, in the field of dementia studies that we wish to consider in this symposium. Our intention is to make the case for a more radical critique of the social construction, conditions and politics of dementia. The papers in this symposium represent an effort to open up a critical space to reflect upon the positioning of people with dementia as part of a wider social, historical and cultural response to debility in later life. This wider context provides the basis to examine a discourse that remains saturated with a medicalised logic of individual deficit, and is increasingly cast in a binary relationship to notions of ‘healthy ageing’ and to an unspecified and unmarked norm of ‘able-mindedness’. We are interested in the ways that particular discourses surrounding dementia have closed down or circumvented ‘alternative realities’. How, for example has the recent struggle for acceptance and inclusion driven by a neoliberal politics of normalisation overshadowed a politics of ‘anti-normalisation’ that has previously marked the emergence of queer studies, radical feminism and crip/critical disability studies, all of which have evolved at the margins of an increasingly mainstream discourse of rights and recognition? This symposium is then a first step toward a more critical approach within dementia studies and will stake out new territory for the field while illustrating the benefits of learning from other radical and critical movements. / Conference website: http://www.aginggraz2017.com/conference-schedule

Yes / In recent years there has been a growing interest in person-centred, ‘living well’ approaches to dementia, often taking the form of important efforts to engage people with dementia in a range of creative, arts-based interventions such as dance, drama, music, art and poetry. Such practices have been advanced as socially inclusive activities that help to affirm personhood and redress the biomedical focus on loss and deficit. However, in emphasizing more traditional forms of creativity associated with the arts, more mundane forms of creativity that emerge in everyday life have been overlooked, specifically as regards how such creativity is used by people living dementia and by their carers and family members as a way of negotiating changes in their everyday lives. In this paper, we propose a critical approach to understanding such forms of creativity in this context, comprised of six dimensions: everyday creativity; power relations; ways to operationalise creativity; sensory and affective experience; difference; and reciprocity. We point towards the potential of these dimensions to contribute to a reframing of debates around creativity and dementia.