In order to identify and quantify sources of digitizing error, and to understand how error is carried through a map overlay, three experiments were performed. First, four operators repeatedly digitized eight randomly distributed points eight times. Data were analyzed using parametric statistics and by an error models so that average point digitizing error, the operator error (random error and bias), and the machine error (random error) were estimated; the operators' digitizing characteristics were statistically analyzed. In the second experiment I designed and created a standard coverage with the ARC/INFO GENERATE command. The coverage consists of a set of special geometric entities: a series of differently sized circles, differently shaped triangles and rectangles drawn by PC ARCPLOT. These figures were designed to test the effect of the original map polygons' characteristics on both machine error and operator error, such as area and perimeter, figure shape and geometric entities combination, line curvature, number of vertices selected for representing a line, position of a geometric entity on digitizing board. Several operators repeatedly digitized the coverage six or more times. The operator error (area error and perimeter error) were obtained by subtracting the standard coverage from a digitized coverage. The machine error (area error and perimeter error) were obtained by subtracting the theoretical true coverage from the standard coverage. The results were analyzed statistically. The causation of errors and the operators' digitizing characteristics were further discussed. The third experiment addressed how digitizing errors are propagated through map overlay. In this experiment the digitized coverages created in the second experiment by each operator were overlaid with the ARC/INFO UNION command. Area error, perimeter error, and the numbers of the spurious polygons were collected. The means, sums, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of area error and perimeter error were obtained. The relationship between area error, perimeter error, and number of spurious polygons of the overlaid coverage were analyzed. This study: (1) focuses on position, as opposed to attribute, error; (2) examines errors in vector-based, not raster-based, GIS; and (3) examines errors caused during the digitizing process, and their propagation through map overlay. The digitizing method is point mode, not stream mode. Results were applied to error management and error reduction to: (1) create a theoretical model which can be used to check quality of the vector source coverages, and to lead users to correctly utilize the GIS data, to prevent them from making unnecessary mistakes; (2) identify some rules to properly use the ARC/INFO ELIMINATE command, and to set MMU (minimum mapping unit) for a particular project.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / The intelligent vehicle navigation system is the multifunctional and complex integrate system that involved in auto positioning technology, geography information system and digital map database, computer technology, multimedia and wireless communication technology. In this paper, the autonomous navigation system based on the embedded hardware and embedded software platform is proposed. The system has advantages of low cost, low power consumption, multifunction and high stability and reliability.

Thesis (M.S.) in Spatial Information Science and Engineering--University of Maine, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science & Engineering. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-143). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ99327

路燈巡修作業的落實與否，影響路燈維護的效率及品質，為能有效提升路燈管理之效能，近來管理階層逐漸重視路燈巡修區域的規劃。然而巡修區域的劃分，多依據主管人員之經驗調派，缺乏系統化、科學化的分析與評估，往往使人力資源無法有效運用，形成勞逸不均的現象，進而影響維護品質，因此如何以科學的方法劃分路燈巡修區域是個重要的課題。 本研究的重點在於針對現行路燈巡修區域劃分之缺點，提出一個新的方法，使各區域管理員巡修時間差達到最小化，以解決現行區域劃分的不合理現象。我們所提出的劃分法，以基因演算法進行演算，並加入禁忌名單改善基因演算法區域搜尋效率不佳的缺點，提升整體的求解速度，同時將路燈維護數量、故障率、維護時間、交通時間、巡修次數等影響因子，納入巡修時間的計算公式中，使劃分後各區的巡修時間差達到最小化。 本研究以台北市政府公園路燈工程管理處的路燈東區分隊為實作對象，在考慮不同的基因演化條件下，分別比較巡修區域劃分前後之變化情況，由實驗結果顯示，我們提出的劃分方法，確實使各區管理員的巡修時間差不超過3%，並且滿足巡修不跨區作業之需求。 / The efficiency and quality of street lights maintenance is influenced by the operation of patrolling and maintaining. In order to raise the working efficiency of maintenance crew, the supervisors pay more attention to region redistricting recently. The formor region districting methods normally base on human experiences without systematic or scientific evaluations, These facts, not only result in human resources wasting and uneven labor allocations, but also affecting the maintenance qualities. Therefore, it is a crucial issue to make region redistricting more scientifically. The key point of this research is to provide a systematic redistricting mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variation for all the districts. Our mechanism is based on genetic algorithm to reduce the patrolling time differences. Tabu search list is used to improve the searching efficiency of general genetic algorithms. Various factors were integrated in our mechanism to minimize the patrolling time variations. These factors include total number of street lights, average failure rate, average maintenance time, traffic delay, patrolling and maintaining frequency, etc. We used districts covered by the East Branch of SET/PSO of Taiepi City Government as the examples in our studies. The experimental results show that, using our mechanism, the patrolling time difference is reduced to 3% and maintenance crews can perform their duty without crossing region boundary.

The objective of this research was to estimate the radiological impact on various non-human biotas by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant radiation release resulting from Japan's tsunami in March 2011 consistent with the recent recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Soil concentration data given by Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (MEXT) were used to approximate doses to various organisms. Cumulative doses and dose rates were plotted in ArcGIS 10, geographic information system (GIS) software, and Kriging interpolations were performed between the sampling points. The conclusion of this preliminary investigation that there appears to be the potential for adverse biological impacts of the studied biota; however, the magnitude of the impact will require further investigation. / Graduation date: 2013