Thesis: The local dimensions of defence: the standing army and militia in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex 1649-1660. Par t l: Interregnum governments faced numerous threats to their security and military power: internally from Royalist conspiracies and political dissidence, and externally from the danger of a combined Royalist and foreign invasion. The Eastern Counties were of strategic importance to Interregnum governments because of their proximity to London and the Continent, and because of their considerable economic resources. Interregnum governments were able to maintain their control over the region, and draw upon its resources for defence through the region's local and central administrative structures. Part II: The first arm of the Interregnum system of defence was the standing army. This consisted first of the units of horse and foot stationed in the region. The horse were used primarily to respond quickly to internal threats. The foot were stationed in the region primarily to await embarkation for foreign service. The coast was protected by a series of fortifieti garrisons, the governors of which played a key role in coordinating the defence and security of the region. A uniform assessment was levied which provided a sound basis for the pay and supply of the standing forces. Part Ill: The standing army was complemented by the militia. Like the standing forces, the traditional county and borough forces were reorganized and put on a sound basis after the Civil War. The new organization provided the framework for local defence up to and after the Restoration. Within this framework, Interregnum gover nments experimented with various select militias, but with only limited success. Both the 'general' and 'select' militias were administered in the localities by a group of trusted appointees, who worked closely with the garrison governors, and later with the Major-Generals of 1655 and 1659 to coordinate the regions' defence and security. The financial structure of the militia was based on a uniform and statutorily defined scale of rates. Conclusion: Together the standing army and militia formed part of a single system comprised of three mutually dependent elements: the deployment of men and materials , the maintenance of security, and the raising of funds. The system was put on an efficient basis during the Interregnum and embodied the ideal of publicly uniform administration which characterized Interregnum government as a whole.

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La société canadienne s'enflamme en 1910 à la suite de l'introduction, par le premier ministre Sir Wilfrid Laurier, d'un projet de loi voulant l'organisation d'un service naval canadien. Que ce soit à la Chambre des communes, en assemblées populaires, en famille ou dans les médias, la défense maritime du Canada retient dorénavant l'attention des Canadiens. Présente au Canada sporadiquement depuis la Confédération, cette question, devenue fondamentale suite à l'émergence de nouvelles puissances militaires remettant en cause la domination de l'Empire britannique, force le Dominion à agir. Après des années de tentatives évitées ou avortées, la question se pause directement : autonomie nationale ou participation impériale? Le débat qui en découle, la crise navale de 1910, divise profondément la société canadienne. Limitée trop souvent à un antagonisme entre Canadiens français et Canadiens anglais par l'historiographie, cette crise traverse aisément les frontières ethniques traditionnelles du pays. En effet, elle résulte principalement d'un affrontement entre autonomistes et impérialistes, chacun avançant un programme spécifique quant à l'avenir souhaité du Dominion. Grandement intéressée par la question, la population s' active et intervient au sien du débat via diverses organisations populaires, en écrivant à ses représentants politiques et en participant à des assemblées publiques. Les médias sont eux aussi captivés, les journaux du pays abordant abondamment le sujet pendant la crise. Ainsi, cette dernière s'avère une véritable crise nationale, les tendances autonomistes et impérialistes s'étalant sur l'ensemble du territoire tout en divisant presque également le peuple canadien.

This thesis evaluates the "human dimension" of military history and focuses primarily on soldiers from the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division during the first half of the Normandy campaign, 6 June to early July 1944. This study concerns itself with the subject of morale and the individual's experience in war. Therefore, it couples an exploration of the challenging physical and psychological conditions that the infantry confronted in battle, with a discussion of how they coped with, and persevered through, the awful bloodbath beyond D-Day. Five critical and related themes are addressed 1) anticipation versus reality; 2) privation and hardship; 3) improvisation and adaption; 4) coping, culture, and comradeship; and 5) administration and morale. By placing the common soldier at the centre of attention, this thesis reveals an interesting and innovative perspective into a variety of important subjects that are virtually unknown in the relevant historiography.

This thesis is the first study to examine Canadian and Italian interactions in Ortona from December 1943 until April 1944. The Canadian presence in Ortona is not remembered by the people of the town simply in the context of military operations. As the Canadians occupied Ortona and the surrounding areas for four months, interactions occurred within the context of combat operations, periods of relaxation, and throughout the process of rebuilding infrastructure and developing an economy. Canadian military historians have largely neglected to provide accounts of the various engagements between Canadian soldiers and Italian civilians before, during, and after the Battle of Ortona, unless they affected operations, intelligence, and civil control. The result of these civil-military relationships provided numerous benefits to Canadian and Italian alike. Italians provided Canadian soldiers with intelligence, shelter, food, and psychological support. In turn, the Canadians provided the Italians with medical assistance, food, financial support, and technical support in the rebuilding of Ortona. The interactions promoted Canadians as separate from the other Allied forces in the region and created unique friendships that defined the liberator and the liberated through their mutual dependencies. As historians have focused entirely on the unfolding of military operations in the region of Ortona, this thesis argues that the value of the interactions and the reconstruction process help explain why most Ortonesi developed a positive collective memory of Canadian soldiers.

1. L'énoncé du problème. L'hypothèse de cette thèse repose sur l'utilisation des théories sur la structure de la pratique et la théorie des vertus d'Alasdair MacIntyre. L'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer qu'il est possible de concevoir une éthique militaire qui puisse répondre plus adéquatement aux defis éthiques rencontrés par les membres des Forces canadiennes déployés dans le cadre des opérations de soutien de la paix. 2. Méthodologie et questions importantes. Pour réaliser notre objectif, nous avons posé trois questions qui portent chacune sur un aspect particulier servant à démontrer notre raisonnement qui articule notre hypothèse. La première question sert à établir les cadres théoriques de notre proposition et s'articule ainsi: Quelles sont les théories qui sont susceptibles de nous aider dans notre recherche pour l'amélioration du Programme d'éthique de la Defense? Selon nous, ce programme trouve ses fondements dans la théorie libérale de John Rawls. Nous voulons examiner certaines limites de cette théorie afin de proposer la nécessite d'établir la spécificité des pratiques militaires. De plus, nous allons suggérer le consensus délibératif comme solution au problème que pose le consensus par recoupement de John Rawls. Le deuxième chapitre servira à exposer la théorie des vertus d'Alasdair MacIntyre qui se fonde tout particulièrement mais non exclusivement sur sa notion de pratique et des biens internes inhérents. La deuxième question porte sur l'aspect pratique de notre recherche et elle se libelle comme suit: Quels sont les éléments que nous pourrions utiliser pour démontrer certains des avantages de la théorie des vertus d'Alasdair MacIntyre? Pour répondre à cette question nous allons nous servir de scénarios qui expliciteront deux aspects des pratiques que nous retrouvons dans le cadre des opérations de soutien de la paix, soit les pratiques liées à l'utilisation de la force et celles liées à la négociation et à la médiation. Suivant la description de ces pratiques, nous allons procéder à une première analyse de ces pratiques à la lumière de la théorie des vertus de MacIntyre. La troisième question porte sur la dimension théologique de notre recherche et elle examinera les différents rôles de l'aumonier militaire, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait à favoriser et à maintenir les valeurs spirituelles et morales. De plus, l'aumonier militaire joue le rôle du conseiller aupres de la chaine de commandement sur tout ce qui concerne le bien-être spirituel et moral des militaires et de leur famille. Il faut ajouter que ces rôles doivent s'exercer tant en garnison que lors des opérations de soutien de la paix. En d'autres mots, cette dernière question porte surtout sur la dimension opérationnelle du rôle de l'aumonier: Comment la théorie de l'éthique des vertus de MacIntyre peut-elle contribuer au rôle important que l'aumonier militaire exerce dans le cadre des opérations de soutien de la paix, particulièrement les aumoniers qui appartiennent à la dénomination catholique romaine. Notre objectif en ce qui a trait à notre recherche est d'engager un dialogue avec les responsables du Programme d'éthique de la Défense afin de favoriser la mise en pauvre d'un programme d'éthique répondant aux besoins spécifiques liées aux pratiques exercées par les militaires dans le cadre des opérations de soutien de la paix. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

This study examines men who volunteered for active service during the Great War but were rejected as "unfit." In doing so, it explores the following issues: (1) the mechanisms by which the Canadian military adjudged an individual unfit to serve; (2) the difficulties faced by medical authorities when attempting to adjudge an individual's suitability for service; (3) how the military's construction of what characterised (un)fitness for service evolved during the Great War and what caused this evolution; (4) the clashing concepts of military fitness held by the Canadian military authorities, Canadian medical professionals, and lay people; (5) the implications of being labelled unfit for rejected volunteers and how these men reacted to being so labelled; and (6) how some individuals used claims of medical unfitness as a means to resist enlistment pressures or counter family members' attempts to enlist. This exploration highlights a group of individuals who have been overlooked in Canada's Great War historiography: rejected volunteers. It offers a new vantage point from which Great War historians might survey and reconceptualise a number of ongoing areas of research which include, but are not limited to, recruiting; manpower mobilisation; the growth of the post-war veterans' rights movement; civil-military and periphery-centre relations; agency and resistance; and how the war impacted on, and was understood by, Canada's civilian population. Furthermore, it examines the factors that informed early-twentieth-century Canadians' perceptions of disability, and, more broadly, what constituted disability. This study is founded on a research infrastructure of three interrelated databases. These databases contain information drawn from the attestation papers, service files, and, in some cases, personal correspondence, of 3,400 rejected volunteers. 3,050 of these men were rejected at Valcartier Camp in August-September, 1914, and represent 60 per cent of the total number of men---5,081---rejected at Valcartier during the formation of the First Contingent of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. The remaining 350 individuals were discharged as medically unfit to serve in England in 1916. The information contained in these databases enabled the description of physical and social characteristics of these men, as well as a close analyse of their reasons for rejection. In addition, they also allowed the tracing of multiple enlistment attempts; the examination of individual medical examiners' views regarding certain impairments; and the creation of personal histories---some extending well beyond 1918---for a number of these individuals.