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L’open-source a révolutionné le secteur informatique par une nouvelle approche publique, décentralisée, et asynchrone de la conception qui encouragela collaboration entre pairs. De nouveaux acteurs et pratiques ont bouleverséle processus de conception, mais aussi donné lieu à des succès industriels.Cette approche se répand aujourd’hui à la conception de produits tangibles,à cause de la numérisation et la démocratisation de ce processus — c’est laconception ouverte.Nombre de pratiques hétérogènes sont cependant regroupées sous ceterme. Les liens avec les pratiques existantes ne sont pas non plus clairementidentifiés. Enfin, peu d’informations à propos du processus de conception ontété formalisées dans la littérature scientifique. Cela freine le développementd’outils pertinents qui permettraient aux concepteurs d’exploiter pleinementles spécificités de la conception ouverte.Ainsi, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation du processus deconception ouverte, dans le cadre du développement de produits tangibles.Nous avons d’abord élaboré une typologie des pratiques via une revue systématique de la littérature. Ensuite, via une approche par théorisation ancrée,nous avons construit des modèles mettant en lumière les différentes facettesdu processus de conception : phases, acteurs, représentations intermédiaires.À travers notre état de l’art, nous avons défini et cartographié la conception ouverte et les notions connexes. Par l’étude de 624 entrées de la base dedonnées Scopus, nous avons identifié trois types de pratiques : do-it-yourself,meta-design, and industrial ecosystem. Elles sont liées au statut (amateur ouprofessionnel) des concepteurs et destinataires du processus. Nous avonsaussi construit deux modèles du ‘do-it-yourself open-design’ à partir d’interviews semi-directifs de 11 participants à des projets de conception ouverte.Cette approche apparaît influencée à la fois par le logiciel libre et la conception amateur. La qualité de nos modèles et de notre modélisation a été validéepar l’outil statistique.Cette étude ambitionne d’être une référence pour de futures recherchessur la conception ouverte, en proposant un panorama détaillé des pratiquesliées à ce phénomène. Nos modèles descriptifs doivent servir de point dedépart pour développer des outils pertinents à l’intention des praticiens.Notre méthode de modélisation peut également être répliquée dans d’autrescontextes pour formaliser des processus encore non cartographiés. / Open-source revolutionized the software industry through a public, decentralized, and asynchronous development paradigm that fosters collaboration among peers. New practices and stakeholders disrupted the designingprocess, yet led to industrial successes. Due to the digitalization and democratization of the designing process, this approach now spreads to thedevelopment of tangible artifacts. This is open-design.However, open-design currently appears as an umbrella term that encompasses from amateur do-it-yourself projects to sector-scale industrialcollaborations. It is not clear either, how these practices relate to existing designing approaches. Finally, little knowledge about the open-design processis formalized. This impedes the development of adequate tools for helpingpractitioners to make the most of it.Therefore, we investigated how to model the open-design process in thedevelopment of tangible products. First, we developed a typology of open-design practices based on a systematic search and review of the scientificliterature. Then, we selected one of the types identified and modeled thedifferent facets of the designing process (activities carried out, stakeholdersinvolved, and boundary objects used) in this context, using a groundedtheory-based approach.Through our literature review, we mapped open-design in relation to existing designing approaches, and to coined a new definition thereof. Based on624 papers indexed in the Scopus database, we identified three types of practices — do-it-yourself, meta-design, and industrial ecosystem — which arerelated to the status (professional or amateurs) of the processes’ stakeholders and addressees. We also constructed two models of the ‘do-it-yourselfopen-design’ process using semi-directive interviews of 11 project leaderswho took part in the PoC21 innovation camp. They depict open-design as adesigning process influenced by both open-source software developmentand amateur design. We tested the quality of our models and our modelingmethod via statistical analysis.This study aims to be a cornerstone for future research on open-designby providing an overview of practices linked to this phenomenon. Ourdescriptive models should serve researchers for providing practitioners ofopen-design projects with relevant tools and methods. Our modeling methodcould also be applied in other contexts to formalize uninvestigated designingpractices.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

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Wong Chun Wing. / "August 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [166]-169). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

<p>Denna rapport visar hur ett företag kan gå tillväga för att sammanställa utvecklingen av proprietär tillägg till öppen källkod. Rapporten presenterar en strategi för hantering av extern källkod. Examensarbetet har utförts på Ericsson AB i Linköping och har gått ut på att sammanställa deras internutveckling av protokollavkodare till Wireshark. I rapporten presenteras hur ett program som licensierats under öppen källkod kan utvärderas. Vidare ges en kort introduktion till de legala grunderna för öppen källkod. Rapporten tar även upp de risker som kan associeras med öppen källkod. Examensarbetet resulterade praktiskt i ett system som sammanställde Ericssons internutveckling av proprietär tillägg till öppen källkod.</p>

In this study, I design an empirical open source software selection process, which reuses some ideas from Commercial Off-the-Shelf selection methods and addresses the characteristics of the open source software. Basically, it consists of three basic steps: identification, screening and evaluation. The identification step is to find all possible alternatives to open source software that can meet the high level requirements. The next step is screening, in which the refined requirements are applied to filter the alternatives. The evaluation step is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, in which the alternatives are inspected from functional suitability, source code, support strength and popularity. In more detail, under functionality suitability criterion, alternatives to open source software are evaluated in viewing of how much functionality can fit in with the functional user requirements. The source code of the alternatives is evaluated from six criteria: programming language, code size, code comment, code intra-module complexity and code inter-module complexity. The evaluation of support strength depends on the evaluation of field support and support resources. The field support includes commercial support and community support. The community support specifically refers to the direct responses from the community to the support requests. Aside from field support, open source software projects also provide various support-related resources such as, documents, wiki, blog, etc. To determine the popularity of the alternatives, I evaluate them from software use, development participation and web popularity. In the case study, I utilize the process to select the best open source unified modeling language tool from the ten alternatives for the software development process. After the screening phase, the four competitive alternatives, BOUML, ArgoUML, UMLet and Violet, are evaluated from functionality, source code, support strength and popularity criteria. The evaluation result indicates that ArgoUML is the best tool for the requirement. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the selection process. Various important attributes of open source software are taken into consideration systematically and the final decision is reached based on comprehensive investigation and analysis. The process provides an operable solution to the open source selection problem in practice.

In recent years, the development of software in open source communities has attracted immense attention from research and practice. The idea of commercial quality, free software, and open source code accelerated the development of well-designed open source software such as Linux, Apache tools, or Perl. Intrinsic motivation, group identification processes, learning, and career concerns are the key drivers for a successful cooperation among the participants. These factors and most mechanisms of control, coordination, and monitoring forms of open source communities can hardly be explained by traditional organizational theories. In particular, the micro and macro structures of open source communities and their mode of operation are hardly compatible with the central assumption of the New Institutional Theory, like opportunistic behavior. The aim of this contribution is to identify factors that sustain the motivation of the community members over the entire life cycle of an open source project. Adequate coordination and controlling mechanisms for the governance in open source communities may be extracted.