In this thesis I describe an investigation into the function of the protein Icb-1, a homologue of Themis1 in B cells and monocytes. Themis1 is important for T cell positive and negative selections. Yet its function in T cell development is not clear. Although it shows characteristics of an adaptor protein and involvement in TCR-induced signalling, the exact signalling defects in Themis1-/- T cells remain obscure. Icb-1 is similar to Themis1 in sequence, function and binding partners. It has been studied in human tumour and macrophage cell lines, leading to limited conclusions. Its role in B cells has never been published. Given the link with Themis1, it is of great interest to investigate the function of Icb-1. My study has been focused on the comparison between Icb-1 knockout mice with wild-type controls. I characterised the B cell development in Icb-1-/- mice, either naturally born or produced as mixed adult bone marrow chimeras reconstituted from WT and Icb-1-/- donor cells. I examined the possible compensation and redundancy of Themis1 and Icb-1, by characterising Thems1/Icb-1 double knockout mice. The Ig-HEL mouse models were used to examine the change in B cell repertoire due to negative and positive selections. The mice were challenged with SRBCs or NP-CGG to examine the germinal centre response to foreign antigen when Icb-1 is absent. In vitro stimulation of B cells with soluble and membrane-bound antigens was used to investigate early B cell responses in detail and to give insights into the defects found in in vivo challenges. Finally, I examined the BCR-induced phosphorylation of key signalling molecules and Ca2+ flux in splenic B cells. The study revealed largely normal B cell development with subtle selection impairments, but a partially defected B cell immune response to antigens in Icb-1-/- mice. The marginal zone B cell population was enlarged in the absence of Icb-1, while the positive selection of B1 B cells induced by intracellular self-antigen was impaired. The deficient mice showed a reduction in germinal centre B cell generation. The defects are associated with impaired BCR-induced cell signalling to low abundance and/or low avidity antigens. In particular, Ca2+ flux and Erk1/2 phosphorylation were clearly reduced under certain conditions. The results shine a light on the function of protein Icb-1, and also improve our knowledge of Themis1 and the Themis family. They provide a new avenue of investigation into the regulation of BCR signalling, especially in Ca2+ flux induction and Erk1/2 activation. They also provide insight into how differential signalling is controlled within cells during activation and differentiation in response to antigens that vary in terms of affinity, avidity and frequency.

Les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg) jouent un rôle primordial dans l'établissement de la tolérance au soi et le contrôle des réactions inflammatoires. Dans les modèles expérimentaux, ainsi qu'en pathologie humaine, un défaut de cette population de Treg favorise le développement d'affections auto-immunes, soulignant ainsi le potentiel thérapeutique de ces Treg. Afin de mieux exploiter ce potentiel, il est donc indispensable de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires qui influencent le développement et les fonctions suppressives de ces cellules. Mon projet de thèse a donc consisté à caractériser à grande échelle le protéome des Treg via une approche protéomique de quantification sans marquage et de le comparer à celui des lymphocytes T conventionnels (Tconv) afin de définir une signature spécifique des Treg. L'analyse protéomique globale de ces deux sous-populations a été réalisée par nanoLC-MS/MS sur un spectromètre de masse de type orbitrap à séquençage rapide. L'optimisation du fractionnement peptidique via des colonnes chromatographiques de 50 cm en amont de l'analyse a permis d'augmenter la profondeur d'analyse du protéome jusqu'à plus de 3000 protéines par échantillon, et plus de 4000 protéines ont pu être identifiées à partir de l'analyse de 7 réplicats biologiques. En plus des protéines déjà décrites dans la littérature, de nombreuses protéines ont été mises en évidence comme étant surexprimées ou sous-exprimées dans les Treg par rapport aux Tconv, dont la fonction n'a jamais été étudiée dans les Treg. Parmi ces protéines, nous avons identifié la protéine Themis1 comme particulièrement sous-exprimée dans les Treg. En utilisant un modèle de souris transgénique surexprimant Themis1, nous avons pu étudier le rôle de cette protéine dans le contrôle des fonctions suppressives des Treg à l'aide de tests de suppression in vitro et dans un modèle in vivo de colite. Nos résultats montrent que la surexpression de Themis1 dans les Treg augmente leurs fonctions suppressives, suggérant que Themis1 régule positivement la fonction des Treg. Themis1 est une protéine impliquée dans le contrôle de la signalisation du récepteur T (TCR), ainsi elle pourrait être spécifiquement sous-exprimée dans ces cellules de façon à " freiner " la signalisation du récepteur T (TCR), afin d'éviter une fonction excessive des Treg qui pourrait avoir des effets délétères comme par exemple le développement de cancers. / Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a key role in establishing self-tolerance and controling inflammatory responses. In experimental models and in human diseases, a defect of this population promotes the development of autoimmune diseases, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Treg. To better exploit this potential, it is essential to characterize the molecular mechanisms that influence the development and the suppressive functions of these cells. My thesis project was therefore to perform a large-scale mass spectrometry study of the Treg proteome, and compare it to the proteome of conventionnal T cells (Tconv) using label-free quantitative methods, in order to identify new Treg markers and functionally important proteins. The comprehensive proteomic analysis of Treg and Tconv subpopulations was performed by single-run nanoLC-MS/MS on a fast-sequencing Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The optimization of peptide fractionation on 50 cm chromatographic columns increased the depth of the proteomic analysis to over 3000 proteins per sample, and in total more than 4000 proteins could be identified from the analysis of 7 biological replicates. Besides "historical" proteins that characterize Treg, many proteins have been identified as being over-expressed or under-expressed in Treg compared to Tconv, whose function has never been studied in Treg. Among them, we identified the Themis1 protein as particularly under-expressed in Treg. Using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing Themis1, we studied the role of this protein in the control of the suppressive functions of Treg, both in vitro through co-culture tests and in vivo in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Our results show that the overexpression of Themis1 in Treg increases their suppressive functions, suggesting that Themis1 positively regulates the function of Treg. Themis1 is a protein implicated in the control of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Thus Themis1 could be specifically under-expressed in these cells to tune down TCR signaling in order to moderate their suppressive action, and permit the development of efficient immune responses against pathogens and tumors.