Little empirical work has been conducted on workplace practices in university settings. Meanwhile, the impact of feedback on changing consumption patterns has been mainly studied through individualistic approaches. The academic workplace with its variety of users offers a setting that could provide a range of insights as to how practices form and change under the impact of efficiency interventions and, in turn, how relevant policies could be formed. This research looks at workplace practices related to the regulation of indoor temperature and the use of office equipment. It examines the potential of reducing energy usage in the workplace through a case study on the understanding of and interventions in practices using consumption feedback. A framework based on social practice theory is applied where daily practices are configured by routines, technologies, knowledge and meanings. The research takes place in a UK university building, where the provision of real-time consumption feedback through a display is employed to raise energy awareness. It follows a case study approach featuring three different office typologies and associated user groups: the shared, enclosed administrative office; the PhD open-plan office, and the post-doctoral cellular office. The study begins with an examination of the thermal characteristics and comfort preferences in the case study offices. It then examines how users shape their practices in the workplace. Finally, it observes the impact of feedback through real-time displays on the reduction of energy consumption. A mixed methods approach is employed combining qualitative and quantitative data. Semi- structured interviews and on-site observations are cross-related to environmental conditions monitoring, electricity audits and thermal comfort diaries. Data collection takes place in two phases— (February 2014 and July 2014) —to capture differences in practices between the winter and summer as well as before and after the installation of real-time displays. By exploring the empirical evidence through a practice theory framework, this research shows how social dynamics, the difference between the notion of comfort at home and work, and striving for productivity can prefigure ‘passive’ thermal comfort practices in the workplace. The real-time displays did not trigger change despite the fact electricity audits revealed a savings potential related to high standby use. The inadequacy of building maintenance structures, significant installation delays and the type of projected information were the main factors restricting change. The use of a practice approach advanced the understanding as to why it is so difficult to save energy at work and use feedback as a successful intervention. The combination of qualitative enquiry and energy audits meanwhile indicated the potential source of savings.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att det finns flera faktorer som bidrar till preoperativ oro, vilket är ett tillstånd som kan orsaka flera negativa konsekvensen både i direkt anslutning till operation som långt senare efter operation. Ett av målen vid ett preoperativt möte mellan anestesisjuksköterskan och patienten är att anestesisjuksköterskan ska minska patientens stress. Därmed är det av värde att göra en översikt avseende aktuell forskning kring omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan vidtas av anestesisjuksköterskor för att lindra preoperativ oro. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan att vidtas av anestesisjuksköterskor för att lindra preoperativ oro hos patienten. Metod: Metod var integrerad litteraturöversikt bestående av 20 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 14 kvantitativa och sex kvalitativa. Vid litteratursökning användes databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier som beskriver omvårdnadsåtgärder som anestesisjuksköterskor kan vidta för att lindra preoperativ oro: Individanpassa den preoperativa informationen, Skapa en bekväm miljö, Bemöta individanpassat och empatiskt och Ha en lugnande närvaro och kommunikation. Slutsats: Analysen resulterade i fyra distinkta kategorier gällande omvårdnadsåtgärder mot preoperativ oro. Utifrån komfortteorin är det möjligt att anföra att om anestesisjuksköterskor kombinerar omvårdnadsåtgärder från de fyra kategorierna för att lindra patienters preoperativa oro har patienter större möjlighet att nå total komfort. Framtida forskning behövs avseende effekten av omvårdnadsåtgärder som utförs av just anestesisjuksköterskor samt effekten av patientens egna strategier för att lindra preoperativ oro. / Background: Previous research has identified several factors contributing to patients experiencing preoperative anxiety, which is a condition that can cause several negative consequences both directly in connection with the surgery, as well as long after the surgical procedure. One of the aims during a preoperative meeting between the nurse anesthetist and the patient is for the nurse anesthetist to ease the patient’s stress. Thus, it is of value to conduct and overview of current research regarding nursing interventions that can be conducted by nurse anesthetists to alleviate preoperative anxiety. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe what nursing interventions that nurse anesthetists can conduct to alleviate a patient’s preoperative anxiety. Method: Integrative literature review consisting of 20 scientific articles, of which 14 were quantitative and six qualitative. The literature search was conducted in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Result: The analysis resulted in four categories describing nursing interventions that nurse anesthetists can conduct to alleviate a patient’s preoperative anxiety: Individualize the preoperative information, Create a comfortable environment, Treat individually and empathically and Have a soothing presence and communication. Conclusion: The integrative literature review with data from the 20 scientific articles resulted in four categories describing nursing interventions to alleviate preoperative anxiety. It is possible to say, based on the theory of comfort, that the patient has a greater chance to reach total comfort if nurse anesthetists combine multiple nursing interventions from the four categories to alleviate the patient’s preoperative anxiety. Future research is suggested to focus on the effect of nursing interventions performed by nurse anesthetists and the effect of the patient’s own strategies to alleviate preoperative anxiety.