The MIG/MAG process is nowadays the most important welding process. This is due to its high production capacity, characteristic searched by industries to improve their manufacturing processes. Thus, due to this process relevance, development of tools that helps to understanding how it works comes out as necessary, especially in relation to proper welding setting up. One tool for this task is the transfer mode map, which predicts the type of metal transfer according to the welding setting up. However, these maps, normally, are more scientific oriented rather that for practical purposes. In this context, the objective of this work was to map the transfer modes in such a way that welders, supervisors and engineers could be helped in the choice of the best setting up needed. For this purpose, a methodology was developed to provide more information than transfer modes according to the parameter setting up. The proposed mapping had the intention of obtaining transfer regions with proper operating characteristics (stable transfer resulting of appropriate welding conditions) and also information about weld bead conditions, production, thermal cycle and arc radiation. For each transfer mode looked for working at typical welding conditions, which mean that the contact tip-to-work distance was different for the two main transfer modes (short-circuit and spray). A large number of experiments was performed to map the transfers, with the objective to determine a stable operating regions of short-circuit and spray transfer mode using the ER70S-6 welding wire with three different shielding gases. After mapping, single-welded butt joint were carried-out using specific points of the maps instead of bead-on-plate. The proposed methodology was efficient in exterminating regions of operational stability, according to the experiments. It was also possible to have better welding geometries, in general, for setting ups within the map region of operational stability, but the results also depend on the shielding gas and the transfer mode. For setting ups outside the map region of operational stability the bead finish gets worse, except for spray transfer mode when working below the region of operational stability. The deposition efficiency is lower for setting ups outside the region and with gases containing higher levels of CO2, except for short-circuit transfer. The arc radiation intensity is lower in regions below the operational stability and higher above this position, but it is highly dependent of the arc length. Changes in the contact tip-to-work distance and/or in the power source inductance have no influence on the region of operational stability, except for short-circuit transfer, in which the contact tip-to-work distance is able to reduce the set voltage for this region. / O processo de soldagem MIG/MAG é dos mais importantes processos de união de metais na atualidade. Isto se deve à sua alta capacidade de produção, característica constantemente cobiçada pelas indústrias em seus processos de fabricação. Assim, devido à relevância desse processo, torna-se necessária a construção de ferramentas que auxiliem no entendimento do funcionamento do mesmo, principalmente no que se refere à correta regulagem dos parâmetros de soldagem. Uma ferramenta utilizada para isto são os mapas de transferência metálica, que a partir dos parâmetros de regulagem, prevêem como resposta o tipo de transferência metálica. Porém, estes mapas, da forma que são normalmente confeccionados, são de caráter mais científico do que prático. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a confecção de mapas de transferência práticos que venham auxiliar os usuários de soldagem (soldadores, supervisores e engenheiros) na escolha da melhor regulagem em função de suas necessidades. Para isto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia que proporcionasse mais do que a informação sobre o tipo de transferência a partir da regulagem dos parâmetros. Nestes mapas propostos, objetivou-se obter uma região de transferência com característica operacional (transferência estável com condições de soldagem apropriadas) e também informações sobre o acabamento e perfil do cordão, rendimento de deposição, ciclo térmico e radiação emitida pelo arco. E para cada modo de transferência se procurou trabalhar apenas em condições típicas, o que fez com que a DBCP fosse diferenciada para dois modos principais de transferência (curto-circuito e goticular). Uma grande quantidade de experimentos foi realizada para mapear as transferências, com objetivo de delimitar uma região de estabilidade operacional de transferências por curto-circuito e outra goticular, utilizando o arame ER70S-6 e três gases de proteção para cada tipo de transferência. Após o levantamento, foram realizadas soldagens em pontos específicos dos mapas utilizando juntas ao invés de soldagem de cordão sobre chapa. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a metodologia proposta foi eficiente na determinação das regiões de estabilidade operacional. Mostraram também que o acabamento e a geometria do cordão, em geral, ficam melhores para regulagens dentro da região de estabilidade operacional, mas com resultados também dependentes do gás de proteção e tipo de transferência utilizada. Para regulagens fora da região de estabilidade operacional o acabamento piora, exceto para transferência goticular em regulagens abaixo da região. O rendimento de deposição é menor fora da região e com gases de proteção com maior teor de CO2, exceto para transferência por curto-circuito, onde, regulagens acima desta região não causam prejuízo. A intensidade de radiação emitida pelo arco é menor abaixo da região e maior acima desta, sendo dependente principalmente do comprimento de arco. A mudança da DBCP e da indutância da fonte não mostraram influência sobre a região de estabilidade operacional, exceto para transferência por curto-circuito, onde a DBCP promove a diminuição da regulagem das tensões desta região. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatments on the flexural strength, surface roughness and crystalline structure of a leucite reinforced glass ceramic (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). A hundred fifty (150) discs were machined by CEREC inLab MC XL (Sirona, Alemanha) and distributed into five groups, n=30: C (control, no heat treatment), A-575 (annealed at 575°C during 15 min, followed by slow cooling and furnace opening at 200°C), A-790 (annealed at 790°C during 15 min, followed by slow cooling and furnace opening at 200°C), G (glazed at 790°C during 1,5 min, followed by fast cooling - immediate furnace opening) and GM (modified glaze, at 790°C during 1,5 min, followed by slow cooling and furnace opening at 200°C). Biaxial flexural strength was determined by the piston-on-three ball test (ISO 6872/2008). Weibull modulus (m) and characteristic strength (σ0) were calculated from the results. The surface roughness (Ra and Rz) was measured before and after the treatments. One specimen from each group was used for X-ray diffraction. A-790 produced the highest values of fracture strength (211.7 MPa). The values of σ0 obtained for the other tested regimens (A-575: 167.9 MPa, GM: 157.7 MPa and G: 153.7 MPa) were lower than those from the control group (187.7 MPa). The value of m was statistically similar between the groups. All heat treatments were able to reduce the mean roughness (Ra) of the specimens. The mean amplitude (Rz), showed a significant reduction only for the groups submitted to the annealing treatments (A-575 e A-790). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no changes in the crystalline phase (tetragonal leucite) of the material after the different heat treatments. Variations in the size of the leucite crystallites after thermal cycles were not significant. Thus, high values of fracture strength and decreased surface roughness for a leucite reinforced glass ceramic are achieved by annealing above the glass transition (Tg=625 ± 20ºC) after machining. This regimen (A-790) was capable to produce favorable structural reorganization of the material, without modifying its original crystalline structure. Annealing bellow the glass transition (A- 575) and thermal cycle for glazing (G and GM) significantly reduced the strength of the material. / A proposição deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de tratamentos térmicos na resistência flexural biaxial, na rugosidade superficial e na estrutura cristalina de uma vitrocerâmica reforçada por leucita (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). Para tanto, 150 discos foram obtidos por usinagem em equipamento CEREC inLab MC XL (Sirona, Alemanha) e distribuídos em cinco grupos, de n=30: C (controle, sem tratamento térmico), A-575 (annealing à 575°C por 15 min, seguido de resfriamento lento com abertura do forno em 200°C), A-790 (annealing à 790°C por 15 min, seguido de resfriamento lento com abertura do forno em 200°C), G (glazeamento à 790°C por 1,5 min, seguido de resfriamento rápido com abertura imediata do forno) e GM (glazeamento modificado à 790°C por 1,5 min, seguido de resfriamento lento com abertura do forno em 200°C). A resistência flexural dos discos foi determinada pelo teste piston-on-three ball, conforme normas da ISO 6872/2008 e os dados submetidos à análise de Weibull para cálculo do módulo de Weibull (m) e da resistência característica (σ0). A rugosidade superficial (Ra e Rz) antes e após os tratamentos foi mensurada. Um espécime de cada grupo foi utilizado para difração de raios-X. O regime A-790 produziu os maiores valores de resistência à fratura (211,7 MPa). Os valores de σ0 promovidos pelos demais ciclos testados (A-575: 167,9 MPa, GM: 157,7 MPa e G: 153,7 MPa) foram inferiores aos do grupo controle (187,7 MPa). O valor de m não diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. Todos os tratamentos térmicos foram capazes de reduzir a rugosidade média (Ra) dos espécimes. Já os valores de amplitude média do perfil (Rz), apresentaram redução significativa apenas para os grupos submetidos à annealing (A-575 e A-790). A análise de difração de raios-x revelou não ter havido mudanças de fase cristalina (leucita tetragonal) do material após os tratamentos térmicos. As alterações no tamanho dos cristalitos de leucita após a realização dos ciclos térmicos não foram expressivas. Sendo assim, maiores valores de resistência à fratura e diminuição da rugosidade superficial para uma vitrocerâmica reforçada por leucita puderam ser conseguidos através de annealing acima da transição vítrea (Tg=625 ± 20ºC) após a usinagem. Tal regime (A-790) foi capaz de produzir reorganização estrutural favorável do material, sem contudo modificar sua estrutura cristalina original. Annealing abaixo da transição vítrea (A-575) e regimes de glazeamento (G e GM) reduziram significativamente a resistência do material.

The Diploma thesis named Steam Turbine 300 MW contains the proposal of the Turboset for the steam section of the gas-steam cycle. There is a calculation of the thermal cycle, and a thermodynamic calculation of the combined high pressure - as well as intermediate pressure and low pressure parts. Strength calculation of particular parts and a check of the critical turbine speed follow on from this. This thesis includes a drawing of the cross-section of HP-IP and partial operations. My thesis has been commissioned by Doosan Škoda Power.

Theme of this master's thesis Comparison of thermal cycle efficiency is aimed on the calculation of thermal schemes of reheating and without reheating for various performances. The calculation is performed using specialized literature. The introduction describes the fundamental thermal cycle used in power plants and Rankine - Clausius cycle. After the initial familiarization with the parameters of Rankine - Clausius cycle follow a section with technical solutions to improve thermal efficiency of Rankine - Clausius thermal cycle. The aim of this work is to identify and compare the thermal efficiency of the thermal cycle with reheating, without reheating and compare them with each other. At the conclusion of this work is shown comparison between two low-pressure regeneration systems.

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The aim of the dissertation is proposing and solving energy convection systems for nuc-lear power plants with a sodium fast reactor of the 4th generation. The first part of the dissertation deals with collection and evaluation of information available about nuclear power plants with sodium fast reactor which use nuclear or non-nuclear reheating to increase thermal efficiency. On the basis of the acquired information, thermal schemes are developed and thermal effi-ciency is determined for the systems working in both Rankine thermal cycle and Brayton thermal cycle. In the further part of the dissertation thermal calculation of the reheater for nuclear and non-nuclear reheating is made for the systems working in Rankine thermal cycle. At the end of this dissertation, an apparatus suitable for these systems is suggested and the systems are evaluated in terms of technical implementation and nuclear safety.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate ORC systems and technologies from an energy and economic perspective. ORC systems are a growing renewable electricity generation technology, but New Zealand has limited local skills and expertise for identifying ORC resource opportunities and subsequently developing suitable technologies at low cost. For this reason, this thesis researches ORC technology, resource types, and international development, with the aim to determine guidelines for how to cost-effectively develop ORC systems, and to make recommendations applicable to furthering their development within a New Zealand context. This thesis first uses two surveys, one of commercial ORC installations, and a second of economic evaluations of ORC systems in literature, to determine what resources and economic scenarios are supportive of commercial development. It is found that geothermal resources provide the largest share of ORC capacity, with biomass and waste-heat recovery (WHR) being developed more recently. The surveys also found that countries with high electricity prices or policy interventions have developed a wider range of resources using ORC systems. This thesis then undertakes an EROI evaluation of ORC electricity generation systems using a combination of top-down and process based methodologies. Various heat sources; geothermal, biomass, solar, and waste heat are evaluated in order to determine how the utilised resource can affect energy profitability. A wide range of EROIstnd values, from 3.4 – 22.7 are found, with solar resources offering the lowest EROIs, and geothermal systems the highest. Higher still EROI values are found to be obtainable with longer system lifetimes, especially for WHR systems. Specific engineering aspects of ORC design and technology such as high-side pressure, heat storage, modularity, superheating, pinch-point temperature difference, and turbine efficiency are evaluated in terms of economic performance, and a variety of general conclusions are made about each. It is found that total system thermo-economic optimisation may not lead to the highest possible EROI, depending on the objective function. Lastly, the effects of past and potential future changes to the markets and economies surrounding ORCs are explored, including the New Zealand electricity spot price, steel and aluminium prices, subsidies, and climate policy. Of the subsidy types explored, it is found that directly subsidising ORC system capital has the greatest effect on the economic performance of ORC systems, as measured by common metrics. In conclusion, this thesis finds that ORC systems have a limited applicability to New Zealand’s electricity market under current economic conditions outside of geothermal and off-grid generation, but changes to these conditions could potentially make their development more viable. The author recommends that favourable resources should be developed using systems that provide high efficiencies, beyond what might provide the best economic performance, in order to increase EROI, and reduce the future need for costly investments into increasingly less favourable resources.

This diploma thesis is concerned with the design of the machinery with an extraction steam condensing turbine in Precheza corp. The theoretical part of this thesis describes the energetical situation in the company and the primary consideration about recovery of the heat, released at sulphuric acid production, for electrical power production. There is also presented brief description of the sulphuric acid production and the fundamental principles of the steam production at this process. In the practical part of this thesis there is performed the calculation of the heat-flow diagram of the steam turbine and the calculation of heat and producted electrical power at the basic operational states. There is presented the source code for the calculation of the heat-flow diagram using Matlab software. In the end there is mentioned the economical evaluation of the whole project, using the fundamental economical methods, such as net present value method, or profitability index, including the calculation of the pay-back period.

This diploma thesis deals with basic design and calculation of an aircraft power unit (APU). For desired shaft power the thermal cycle is calculated. Basic dimensions of compressor, turbine and exhaust system are calculated as well as thermodynamic parameters of air and hot gases along the motor. Corresponding compressor map, turbine map and characteristics of the exhaust system are designed. Based on these characteristics, an effective shaft power is being calculated in various off-design conditions. Dependency of the shaft power vs. altitude is also presented. All the calculations are made in MATLAB. Finally, simplified motor cross-section is created.