Typescript. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 317-327. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / xix, 327 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering, 1979 / Bibliography: leaves 165-168. / by Jitendra N. Tandon. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering

Solar energy is a virtually inexhaustible energy resource, and thus, has great potential in helping meet many of our future energy requirements. Current technology used for solar energy conversion, however, is not cost effective. In addition, solar thermal power systems are also generally less efficient as compared to fossil fuel based thermal power plants. There is a large variety of systems for solar thermal power generation, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. A distinct advantage of solar thermal power generation systems is that they can be easily integrated with a storage system and/or with an auxiliary heating system (as in hybrid power systems) to provide stable and reliable power. Also, as the power block of a solar thermal plant resembles that of a conventional thermal power plant, most of the equipment and technology used is already well defined, and hence does not require major break through research for effective utilisation. Manufacturing of components, too, can be easily indigenized. A solar collector field is generally used for solar thermal energy conversion. The field converts high grade radiation energy to low grade heat energy, which will inevitably involve energy losses as per the laws of thermodynamics. The 2nd law of thermodynamics requires that a certain amount of heat energy cannot be utilised and has to be rejected as waste heat. This limits the efficiency of solar thermal energy technology. However, in many situations, the waste heat can be effectively utilized to perform refrigeration and desalination using absorption or solid sorption systems, with technologies popularly known as “polygeneration”. There is extensive research done in the area of solar collectors, including but not limiting to thermal analysis, testing of solar collectors, and economic analysis of solar collectors. Exergy and optimization analyses have also been done for certain solar collector configurations. Research on solar thermal power plants includes energy analysis at system level with certain configurations. Research containing analysis with insolation varying throughout the day is limited. Hence, there is scope for analysis incorporating diurnal variation of insolation for a solar thermal power system. This thesis centres on the thermodynamic analysis at system level of a solar thermal power system using a concentrating solar collector field and a simple Rankine cycle power generation (with steam as the working fluid) for Indian conditions. The aim is to develop a tool for thermodynamic analysis of solar thermal power systems, with a generalised approach that can also be used with different solar collector types, different heat transfer fluids in the primary loop, and also different working fluids in the secondary loop. This analysis emphasises the solar collector field and a basic sensible heat storage system, and investigates the various energy and exergy losses present. Comparisons have been made with and without a storage unit and resulting performance issues of solar thermal power plants have been studied. Differences between the system under consideration and commercially used thermal power plants have also been discussed, which brought out certain limitations of the technology currently in use. A solution from an optimization analysis has been utilized and modified for maximization of exergy generated at collector field. The analysis has been done with models incorporating equations using the laws of thermodynamics. MATLAB has been used to program and simulate the models. Solar radiation data used is from NREL’s Indian Solar Resource Data, which is obtained using their SUNY model by interpreting satellite imagery. The performance of the system has been analysed for Bangalore for four different days with different daylight durations, each day having certain differences in the incident solar radiation or insolation received. A particular solution of an optimization analysis has been modified using the simulation model developed and analysed with the objective of maximization of exergy generated at collector field. It has been found that the performance of the solar thermal power system was largely dependent on the variation of incident solar radiation. The storage system provided a stableperformance for short duration interruptions of solar radiation occurred on Autumn Equinox (23-09-2002).The duration of the interruption was within the limits of storage unit capacity. The major disruption in insolation transpired on Summer Solstice (21-06-2002) caused a significantly large drop in the solar thermal system performance; practically the system ceased to function due to lack of energy resource. Hence, the use of an auxiliary heating system hasbeen considered desirable. The absence of a storage unit has been shown to cause a significant loss in gross performance of the power system. The Rankine cycle turbine had many issues coping with a highly fluctuating energy input, and thus caused efficiency losses and even ceased power generation. A storage unit has been found to be ideal for steady power generation purposes. Some commercial configurations may lack a storage system, but they have been compensated by the auxiliary heating system to ensure stable power generation. The optimization of the solar collector determines that optimal collector temperatures vary in accordance to the incident solar radiation. Hence, the collector fluid outlet temperature must not be fixed so as to handle varying insolation for optimal exergy extraction. The optimal temperatures determined for Bangalore are around 576 K which is close to the values obtained by the simulation of the solar thermal power system. The tools for analysis and simulation of solar thermal power plants developed in this thesis is fairly generalised, as it can be adapted for various types of solar collectors and for different working fluids (other than steam), such as for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The model can also be easily extended to other types of power cycles such as Brayton and Stirling cycles.

Orientador: Sergio Valdir Bajay / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T02:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_FranciscoJoseRochade_M.pdf: 2082998 bytes, checksum: 6b17535d59d9d8fe0bb7be02166c05d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é ampliar a compreensão da geração termelétrica, em particular das termelétricas a gás natural, e da relação entre os setores elétrico e de gás natural no Brasil. Especial atenção é conferida aos leilões públicos de energia, particularmente aqueles na modalidade disponibilidade de energia, opção que tem permitido a contratação de empreendimentos termelétricos a combustíveis fósseis. O trabalho faz avaliação da atratividade do investimento em térmica a Gás Natural Liquefeito - GNL já contratada em leilões públicos. Traz, também, estimativa da competitividade de termelétricas, com ênfase para as termelétricas a GNL. Verificou-se que a capacidade instalada das termelétricas a gás natural deverá ser significativamente ampliada até 2017, o que reforçará o vínculo entre os setores elétrico e de gás natural. Foi constatado que o custo de geração em uma termelétrica a gás natural é fortemente influenciado pelo período de tempo durante o qual ela permanece em operação e pelo preço do gás natural. Adicionalmente, constatou-se que o investimento na construção das termelétricas a GNL contratadas na modalidade disponibilidade de energia mostra-se bastante atrativo / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of thermal power, in particular natural-gas-fired power plants, and the relationship between the power sector and the natural gas sector in Brazil. Close attention is paid to the public auctions to hire energy, especially the ones aimed at hiring capacity, option which has allowed the hiring of fossil-fuel power plants. The thesis gives an idea of the attractiveness of the investment in a Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG powered plant hired in a public auction. It also presents an assessment of the competitiveness of thermal plants, with emphasis to the LNG-fired power plants. It was learnt that the natural-gasfired power plant capacity will increase significantly until 2017, which will reinforce the bond between the power sector and the natural gas sector. Another important finding is that the generation cost of a natural-gas-fired power plant is strongly influenced by the length of time it operates and by the natural gas price. Furthermore, the study shows that the investment in the construction of a LNG powered plant hired in a public auction is very attractive / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

The ability of liberalised electricity markets to trigger investment in the generation capacity required to maintain an acceptable level of security of supply risk has been - and will continue to be - a topic of much debate. Like many capital intensive industries, generation investment suffers from long lead and construction times, lumpiness of capacity change and high uncertainty. As a result, the ‘boom-and-bust’ investment cycle phenomenon, characterised by overcapacity and low prices, followed by power shortages and high prices, is a prominent feature in the debate. Modelling the dynamics of generation investment in market environments can provide insights into the complexities involved and address the challenges of market design. Further, many governments who preside over liberalised energy markets are developing policies aimed at promoting investment in renewable generation. Of particular interest is the mix and amount of generation investment over time in response to policies promoting high penetrations of variable output renewable power such as wind. Consequently, improved methods to calculate expected output, costs and revenue of thermal generation subject to varying load and random independent thermal outages in a power system with a high wind penetration are needed. In this interdisciplinary project engineering tools are applied to an economic problem together with knowledge from numerous other disciplines. A dynamic simulation model of the aggregated Great Britain (GB) generation investment market has been developed. Investment is viewed as a negative feedback control mechanism with current and future energy prices acting as the feedback signal. Other disciplines called upon include the use of stochastic processes to address uncertainties such as future fuel prices, and economic theory to gain insights into investor behaviour. An ‘energy-only’ market setting is used where generation companies use a classical NPV approach together with the Value at Risk criterion for investment decisions. Market price mark-ups due to market power are also accounted for. The model’s ability to simulate the market trends witnessed in GB since early 2001 is scrutinised with encouraging findings reported. A reasonably good agreement of the model with reality, gives a degree of confidence in the realism of future projections. An advancement to the dynamic model to account for expected high wind penetrations is also included. Building on the initial model iteration, the short-term energy market is simulated using probabilistic production costing based on theMix of Normals distribution technique with a residual load calculation (load net of wind output). Wind speed measurement data is combined with the outputs of atmospheric models to assess the availability of the GB wind resource and its relationship with aggregate load. Simulation results for 2010-40 suggest that the GB system may experience increased generation adequacy risk during the mid to late the 2020s. In addition, many new investments are unable to recover their fixed costs. This triggered an investigation into the design of a capacity mechanism within the context of the modelling environment. In light of the ongoing GB market electricity market reform debate, two mechanisms are tested; a strategic reserve tender and a marketwide capacity market. The goal of these mechanisms is to mitigate generation adequacy risk concerns by achieving a target winter peak de-rated capacity margin.

O trabalho procura sistematizar de forma metodológica a análise da inserção de uma usina termoelétrica no contexto do planejamento, no âmbito regional, sob o ponto de vista de impacto ambiental atmosférico. O método de previsão indica a primeira estimativa da condição regional, alternativo ao método convencional de medição, sobretudo em regiões carentes de informações. Baseado em informações disponíveis em banco de dados e uma análise preliminar da região de influência do empreendimento, é estimada a carga de poluentes atmosféricos existentes (poluição de fundo). As taxas de emissão por fonte são obtidas através de fatores de emissão, enquanto que a qualidade do ar é obtida por modelo de dispersão. O impacto da nova usina é incluído no modelo para avaliar o acréscimo. O modelo foi aplicado na análise de emissão e dispersão de NOx, sendo desenvolvido um estudo de caso para a região de Paulínia em São Paulo. / This paper intends to introduce a methodology to analyze the insertion of a Thermal Power Plant (TPP ) within a planning environmental phase from the viewpoint of air pollution impact, focusing the regional ambiance. The prediction methodology indicates the first regional condition estimative, as an alternative to the monitoring conventional one, mainly in region without information. Based on available data basis information and preliminary analysis of the region affected by the TPP, the local pollutants are estimated (background pollution). The source emission rates are calculated through emission factors while the air quality is obtained by using a dispersion model. The impact of the new TPP is added to the model to evaluate the emission growth. The predictive and dispersion model for NOx is synthesized and applied in a case study that considers Paulínia region in State of São Paulo.

Na expansão da geração termelétrica brasileira predominam como combustíveis o gás natural, os óleos combustíveis, a biomassa e o carvão mineral. A concentração das reservas nacionais de carvão no Sul provoca situação peculiar na entrada de novas fontes. Se por um lado a expansão privilegia o carvão e a consequente indústria extrativa local, por outro abre mão de tecnologias mais eficientes e limpas. Esta pesquisa apresenta os principais fatores que influenciam no desempenho dessas usinas e na contratação de geradores, caracterizando a expansão termelétrica. Posteriormente são criados quatro cenários de expansão da geração para a Região Sul envolvendo diferentes fontes de insumos. Por fim, uma análise SWOT é realizada para cada cenário gerador afim de gerar reflexões acerca dos limites da expansão termelétrica sem uma visão gestora dos recursos disponíveis / The following fuels are predominant in the Brazilian expansion of the power generation by thermal power plants: natural gas, oil, biomass and coal. The concentration of the national coal reserves in the south makes a particular case for the entrance of new sources. If, for by one hand, the expansion privileges the coal and, for consequence, the local mining industry, by the other gives up more efficient and cleaner technologies. This research presents the main factors that influence the performance of these plants and the hiring of new generators, characterizing the expansion of thermal power plants. Afterwards four expansion scenarios are created for the south region involving different feedstocks. Lastly, a SWOT analysis is performed for each scenario of generation in the intent of generate thoughts about the limitations of a thermal power generation expansion without an integrating and managing vision of the available resources.

No mercado mundial de geração e comercialização de energia elétrica, termos como Sustentabilidade, Responsabilidade Ambiental, Satisfação do Consumidor, Alta Disponibilidade e Redução de Custos direcionam os objetivos das empresas geradoras. Com a intenção de cumprir com estes objetivos, são investidas grandes quantidades de recursos para conseguir um desenvolvimento técnico-científico das diversas áreas da empresa, e de forma especial às de Operação e Manutenção (O&M), responsáveis diretas pela operação das instalações. Neste contexto, a filosofia da Manutenção Centrada em Confiabilidade (MCC) proporciona uma metodologia bem estruturada para a seleção de políticas de manutenção que permitem a redução de intervenções desnecessárias, dos custos relacionados a estas, e permite a operação com alta confiabilidade, produto da redução da probabilidade de ocorrência de falhas. Apesar destas vantagens, o MCC carece de um mecanismo que estime os riscos relacionados com uma determinada condição de operação, o que leva aos operadores a procurar estratégias de seleção de políticas de manutenção que complementem a filosofia do MCC. A análise de risco de operações industriais proporciona um mecanismo para a tomada de decisões estratégicas relacionadas à instalação de equipamentos de segurança e/ou mudanças nas políticas de manutenção, por meio da quantificação das probabilidades de ocorrência de falhas e dos custos relacionados às possíveis conseqüências produto da ocorrência de falhas. Este trabalho apresenta um método baseado nos conceitos de confiabilidade e análise de risco que auxilia a tomada de decisões na seleção de estratégias de operação que visem a alta disponibilidade das usinas de geração de energia elétrica, por meio da seleção de políticas de manutenção e/ou identificação da necessidade da instalação de novos equipamentos críticos. Desta forma, as decisões serão auxiliadas por um método de análise bem estruturado, que permite identificar os sistemas e componentes que em caso de ocorrência de falhas poderiam ocasionar conseqüências perigosas relacionadas à segurança, ao meio ambiente, à vida dos operadores, à integridade física das instalações e às atividades comerciais das empresas geradoras. O método é aplicado em uma usina termelétrica com potencia de cerca de 500MW. / In the global market of electricity generation, terms such as Sustainability, Environmental Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction, High Availability and Reduced Costs guide the actions of businesses as main goals in planning their activities. With the determination to meet these goals, companies invest large amounts of resources to achieve a technical-scientific development in the various areas of the company, especially in the Operation and Maintenance (O & M), responsible for direct operation of the facilities. In this context, the philosophy of Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) provides a well structured methodology for the selection of maintenance policies, which allow the reduction of maintenance unnecessary interventions, reducing costs related to these, and increasing system reliability due decreasing the probability of failure. Despite these advantages, RCM lacks a mechanism to estimate the risks associated with a given operating condition, which motivates operators to seek strategies for selecting maintenance policies that complement the RCM philosophy. Risk analysis of industrial operations provide a mechanism for making strategic decisions related to the installation of safety equipment and / or changes in maintenance policies, by quantifying the probability of failures and the costs related to the possible consequences of failures occurrence. This Doctoral thesis presents a method based on the concepts of reliability and risk analysis to aid decision making in the selection of operating strategies that address the high availability of electric power plants through the selection of maintenance policies and/or the identification of the need of installing new equipment. Thus, decisions will be aided by a well structured method of analysis helping, to identify systems and components that in case of failures could lead to very dangerous consequences related to safety, environment, operators\' life, integrity of facilities and commercial activities the company. The method is applied on the analysis of a 500 MW thermal power plant.

Nos recentes leilões de energia realizados no setor elétrico brasileiro, a energia térmica foi uma das principais vencedoras. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de reversão desta tendência, mantendo a trajetória anterior de uma matriz limpa e renovável. A maior parte da eletricidade brasileira tem sido proveniente de hidrelétricas. O plano energético oficial, com horizonte de 2030, elaborado para o Governo pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE) dá ênfase à geração térmica, à gás natural, carvão e nuclear, como alternativa de complementação à geração hídrica. Neste estudo, em contraponto à proposta oficial, a geração eólica é analisada como opção de complementação, ao invés da energia térmica. A curva de aprendizado da tecnologia eólica, no Brasil e no mundo, é investigada e seu resultado evidencia o potencial de competitividade quando comparada a outras fontes, como térmicas nucleares, a gás e a carvão. A substituição do parque de expansão térmica pela eólica é simulada mediante a análise comparativa dos custos de capital, combustível, operação e manutenção, considerando a curva de aprendizado potencial. Os resultados da simulação, em termos de custo a valor presente das alternativas, indicam que a geração eólica pode se tornar atrativa, tendo como atrativo adicional a redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Dificuldades e barreiras para a penetração da geração da energia eólica são avaliadas. Também é analisada a possibilidade do atendimento da demanda de energia no Brasil no contexto do cenário da estabilização populacional e do consumo, na década de 2040, mediante oferta de energia renovável, substancialmente hidro-eólica. / In the recent energy auctions held in the Brazilian electric sector, thermal power plants were the major winners. This study evaluates the possibility of reversing such trend, maintaining the previous path of a clean and renewable energy mix. Most of Brazil\'s electricity has been generated by hydropower. However the official energy plan, with the horizon of 2030, prepared for the Government by the Energy Research Company (EPE) gives emphasis to the thermal generation to natural gas, coal and nuclear energy as an alternative to hydropower generation complementation. In this study, in contrast to the official proposal, wind generation is considered as an option to complement, rather than the thermal energy. The learning curve of wind technology in Brazil and worldwide, is investigated and its result shows the potential of competitiveness compared to other sources such as nuclear thermal, gas and coal. The replacement of thermal based expansion by the wind is simulated, by a comparative analysis of capital costs, fuel, operation and maintenance, considering the potential learning. The simulation results in terms of present value cost of the alternatives indicate that wind generation can become attractive, with the added benefit of reduction in emission of greenhouse gases. Difficulties and barriers to the penetration of wind power generation are evaluated. The possibility of meeting the demand for energy in Brazil in the context of the scenario population and energy demand stabilization, in the 2040s, through renewable and sustainable energy sources, substantially hydro and wind, is also assessed.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Gregory Allen Thomas. / M.S.