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Recent advances in materials engineering have given rise to a new class of materials known as active materials. These materials when used appropriately can aid in development of smart structural systems. Smart structural systems are adaptive in nature and can be utilized in applications that are subject to time varying loads such as aircraft wings, structures exposed to earthquakes, electrical interconnections, biomedical applications, and many more. Materials such as piezoelectric crystals, electrorheological fluids, and shape memory alloys (SMAs) constitute some of the active materials that have the innate ability to response to a load by either changing phase (e.g., liquid to solid), and recovering deformation. Active materials when combined with conventional materials (passive materials) such as polymers, stainless steel, and aluminum, can result in the development of smart structural systems (SSS). This Dissertation focuses on characterization of SMAs and structures that incorporate SMAs. This characterization is based on a hybrid analytical, computational, and experimental solutions (ACES) methodology. SMAs have a unique ability to recover extensive amounts of deformation (up to 8% strain). NiTiNOL (NOL: Naval Ordinance Lab) is the most commonly used commercially available SMA and is used in this Dissertation. NiTiNOL undergoes a solid-solid phase transformation from a low temperature phase (Martensite) to a high temperature phase (Austenite). This phase transformation is complete at a critical temperature known as the transformation temperature (TT). The low temperature phase is softer than the high temperature phase (Martensite is four times softer than Austenite). In this Dissertation, use of NiTiNOL in representative engineering applications is investigated. Today, the NiTiNOL is either in ribbon form (rectangular in cross-section) or thin sheets. In this Dissertation, NiTiNOL is embedded in parent materials, and the effect of incorporating the SMA on the dynamic behavior of the composite are studied. In addition, dynamics of thin sheet SMA is also investigated. The characterization is conducted using state-of-the- art (SOTA) ACES methodology. The ACES methodology facilitates obtaining an optimal solution that may otherwise be difficult, or even impossible, to obtain using only either an analytical, or a computational, or an experimental solution alone. For analytical solutions energy based methods are used. For computational solutions finite element method (FEM) are used. For experimental solutions time-average optoelectronic holography (OEH) and stroboscopic interferometry (SI) are used. The major contributions of this Dissertation are: 1. Temperature dependent material properties (e.g., modulus of elasticity) of NiTiNOL based on OEH measurements. 2. Thermomechanical response of representative composite materials that incorporate NiTiNOL“fibers". The Dissertation focuses on thermomechanical characterization of NiTiNOL and representative structures based on NiTiNOL; this type of an evaluation is essential in gainfully employing these materials in engineering designs.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, treze amostras de aÃo ASTM A516 Gr. 60, que à um tipo de aÃo carbono muito utilizado na construÃÃo de tubos de pressÃo e caldeiras pela indÃstria, foram selecionados para uma avaliaÃÃo do comportamento microestrutural de cada amostra apÃs um processo de tratamento termomecÃnico. Os mÃtodos utilizados para este ensaio foram os nÃo destrutivos: ruÃdo magnÃtico de Barkhausen (RMB) e correntes parasitas (CP), sÃo tÃcnicas eletromagnÃ-ticas com caracterÃsticas dependentes da microestrutura das amostras que se pretende avaliar. As amostras foram divididas em grupos e cada grupo passou por um tratamento diferente dos demais. Dois grupos de oito amostras foram laminados a frio com reduÃÃo de espessura de 1, 3, 5 e 7% sendo que um dos grupos foi normalizado. Uma amostra ficou como recebido da fÃbrica, amostra de referÃncia, e o restante foi normalizado e em seguida foi feito um recozi-mento a 750ÂC. Em seguida, todos os grupos foram caracterizados metalograficamente atravÃs de um microscÃpio Ãptico para definir o tamanho mÃdio de grÃos. ApÃs esta etapa foram coletados sinais de RMB e CP. Os sinais foram avaliados por meio de tÃcnicas de processa-mento de sinais e funÃÃes estatÃsticas, assim determinar valores que correspondam ao reflexo dos tratamentos termomecÃnicos sobre as microestruturas. Para os sinais de RMB buscou-se a posiÃÃo e amplitude mÃxima de pico, o sinal de energia, rms, assimetria e curtoses voltados apenas para domÃnio do tempo. Jà para os sinais de CP, buscaram-se as variaÃÃes de fase ou angular e amplitude para diferentes frequÃncias de excitaÃÃo da sonda. Os dados foram con-frontados com a amostra de referÃncia, obtendo-se resultados conforme esperado na literatura. / In this study thirteen samples of ASTM A516 Gr 60, which is a type of carbon steel widely used in the construction of pressure pipes for industrial boilers were selected for microstructural evaluation of the behavior of each sample after a process of thermomechanical treatment. The methods used for this test were nondestructive test: Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) and Eddy Current (EC) which are electromagnetic techniques with great dependence on the microstructural characteristics of the samples were assessed. The samples were divided into groups and each group underwent a different treatment from others. Two groups of eight samples were cold rolled with a thickness reduction of 1, 3, 5 and 7% and one of the groups was normalized. A sample was as received from the factory, reference sample and the remainder was normalized and then annealing was done at 750 ÂC. Then all groups were metallographically characterized using an optical microscope to determine the average grain size. After this step signals MBN and EC were collected. The signals were evaluated using signal processing techniques and statistical functions, thereby determining values that correspond to the reflection of thermomechanical treatments on the microstructures. For signs of MBN sought the position and maximum peak amplitude of the signal energy, rms, skewness, kurtosis directed only to the time domain. As for the signs of EC, we sought variations or phase angle and amplitude for different excitation frequencies of the probe. Data were compared with the reference sample, yielding results as expected in the literature.

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D. Tech. Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering / Discusses the objective of this present study is to manufacture particulate-strengthening Zn-Al-SnO2-TiO2 composite alloy on mild steel from chloride and sulphate baths with the target of improving mechanical and anti-corrosion, wear properties for automotive and decorative applications. Sub-Objectives:To study the effect of Zn-Al-SnO2-TiO2 composite properties on mild steel substrate To investigate the novel multifunctional thin films evolution formed on mild steel and their tribological properties. To investigate thermo-mechanical recrystallization behaviour and its thermal instability.To study the anti-corrosion resistance performance of the electrofabricated quaternary Zn-Al-SnO2-TiO2 coatings.To draw attention to the functional processing parameters of Zn-Al-SnO2-TiO2 produced coatings for high durability.

D. Tech. Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. / Aims to produce and improve the tribocorrosion property of Ti6Al4V by means of laser surface cladding with Ni and ZrO2. The results of this study would be useful for the design of high performance components for chemical and oil industry and potential applications in other engineering fields. The aim would be achieved through the following objectives: 1. Synthesize and characterise Ti, Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-ZrO2 admixed powders. 2. Explore the feasibility of laser surface treatment of Ti6Al4V with Ti, Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-ZrO2. 3. Investigate possible metallurgical interactions and phenomenon during and after laser surface cladding of the composite. 4. Evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti based composites in terms of hardness. 5. Analyze the interaction between wear and corrosion wear as well as tribocorrosion resistance of the alloys and composites after laser surface cladding in 3.5 % NaCl and 1M H2SO4 environments.