Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-44).

Orientador: Clarissa de Almeida Olivati / Banca: Marli Leite de Moraes / Banca: Neri Alves / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a preocupação com os níveis de emissão de gases nocivos tem aumentado consideravelmente, levando os pesquisadores a desenvolver novos materiais, dispositivos e tecnologias para o seu controle. Neste vasto campo, os sensores feitos à base de camadas poliméricas condutoras vêm apresentando resultados promissores, o que pode possibilitar a construção de sistemas de medição e de análises mais eficazes e portáteis. Todavia, dois parâmetros críticos que determinam a função dos dispositivos de polímeros conjugados são sua estrutura química e sua nanoestrutura no estado sólido. As propriedades elétricas destes materiais são drasticamente alteradas devido ao acoplamento eletrônico entre as cadeias poliméricas, que é determinado pelo tipo de empacotamento e conformação no estado sólido. Além disso, os politíofenos possuem características vantajosas comparados aos demais polímeros conjugados, tais como: a facilidade de síntese química e a relativa facilidade de funcionalização de suas cadeias laterais. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fabricar filmes Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), de derivados alquilados de politiofeno em sua forma regiorregular misturados com ácido esteárico (SA), de forma a obter filmes de boa qualidade, visando uma posterior caracterização elétrica e óptica, com aplicação de composto orgânico voláteis (VOCs). Foram fabricados filmes LB do poli(3-butiltiofeno), poli(3-hexiltiofeno), poli(3-octiltiofeno), contendo diferentes porcentagens de SA em sua composição, pois estes polímeros puros não apresentam boa deposição através da técnica LB. As isotermas de pressão dos filmes foram analisadas de modo a avaliar as características moleculares dos filmes, e determinação dos parâmetros de deposição destes. Estes filmes foram caracterizados opticamente por espectroscopia de absorção. Ultravioleta-Visível, possibilitando avaliar o crescimento dos... / Abstract: In recent decades, concern about the levels of emission of harmful gases has increased considerably, lealding the researchers to develop new materials, devices and technologies for its control. In this vast field, conductive polymer sensors have shown promising results, which can enable the construction of measurement and analysis systems more effective and portable. However, two critical parameters for organic devices are their chemical structure and their solid nanostructure. The electrical properties of these materials have been drastically altered due to electronic coupling between polymer chains which is determined by the type of packing and conformation in the solid state. Moreover, the polythiophenes possess advantageous characteristics compared to other conjugated polymers such as: ease of chemical synthesis and relative ease of functionalization of their size chains. In this context, the aim of this work was to fabricate Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of alkylpolythiophene derivates in its regioregular form mixed with stearic acid (SA), in order to obtain good quality films. These films were optical and electrically characterized, and also tested as active layer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensors. LB films of poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(3-octylthiophere) containing different percentages of SA in its composition were fabricated, as these pure polymers don't show quality deposition by LB technique. The pressure isotherms of the films were analyzed to assess their molecular characteristics, and to determinate the deposition parameters. These films characterized optically by absorption spectroscopy Ultraviolet-Visible, allowing the evalution of the films growth and organization at the molecular level. Films morphology was analyzed through topographic images obtained in Atomic Force Microscope. LB films deposited onto interdigitated electrodes were used for investigation of electrical... / Mestre

Orientador: Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino / Banca: Luciano Caseli / Banca: Eloi da Silva Feitosa / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: O 17Þ - etinilestradiol (EE2) é um hormônio esteróide sintético com baixa solubilidade em água. A contaminação por esse estrogênio tem sua origem na contínua introdução em ambientes através do descarte inadequado de esgoto sanitário e industrial, como também pelo uso do lodo ativado de estações de tratamento de esgoto na agricultura. A exposição a esse composto vem sendo associada a causas de câncer de mama, infertilidade masculina e mutações em pequenos seres vivos, como peixes, cujos efeitos podem estar associados à interação do hormônio com a membrana celular. Assim, o estudo de modelos de membrana biológica na forma de filmes de Langmuir expostos ao EE2 na subfase foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a interação membrana/EE2 e gerar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de sensores para detectar tais substâncias em meio aquoso (língua eletrônica). Monocamadas compostas por moléculas antifilicas de diferentes cargas foram espalhadas sobre bubfase de ágau ultrapura contendo o EE2, sendo a interação membrana/hormônio estudada por meio das isotermas de pressão de superfície vs. área molecular média (isotermas л - A). Neste estudo foram utilizados os fosfolipídios dipalmitoil fosfatidil colina (DPPC), que é zwiteriônico, dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol (DPPG), que é aniônico, e o surfactante brometo de dioctadecil dimetil amônio (DODAB), que é catiônico. O ácido esteárico (AE) foi utilizado como estudo complementar para se obter um melhor entendimento sobre a interação de DPPC com EE2. Todas as moléculas utilizadas como modelos de membranas apresentam interações com o EE2, de acordo com as isotermas л - A, o que foi confirmado por espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS). Os estudos mostraram que as interações ocorrem através de interações eletrostáticas, principalmente na região polar dos lipídios, envolvendo não somente... / Abstract: The 17 Þ - ethinyl estradiol (EE 2) is a synthetic steroid hormone with poor water solbility. Contamination by that estrogen has the origin in continuous introduction into aquatic environments through the improper disposal of domestic and industrial sewage, as well as the use of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants in agriculture. Exposure to this compound has been linked to breast cancer causes, male infertility and small mutations in living organisms such as fish, whose effects can be associated with the interaction of the hormone with the cell membrane. Thus, the study of membrane models in the form of Langmuir films exposed to EE2 in subphase was carried out to evaluate the interaction membrane/hormone. Monolayers composed of amphiphilic molecules with different charges were spread on ultrapure water subphase containing EE2, and the interaction membrane/hormone studied by surface pressure vs. mean molecular area isotherms (л - A isotherms). This study used the phospholipids dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), which is zwitterionic, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG), which is anionic, and the surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB), which is cationic. The stearic acid (SA) was used to obtain a better understanding of the interaction of EE2 with DPPC and DPPG. All molecules used as membrane models presented interactions with EE2, according to л - A isotherms, which was confirmed by spectroscopic reflection and absorption in the infrared polarization modulation (PM-IRRAS). The studies have shown that interactions occur through electrostatic interations, especially in the polar region of lipids, involving not only cationic and anionic group but also the groups C=O and P=O the lipids with OH group of EE2 / Mestre

Orientador: Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino / Coorientador: Gustavo Fernandes Souza Andrade / Banca: Paola Corio / Banca: Clarissa de Almeida Olivati / Banca: Sérgio Antonio Marques de Lima / Resumo: Nesta tese filmes de Langmuir foram empregados para estudar a interação entre lipídios e um fungincida denominado carbendazim (MBC) e espectroscopia de impedância e espalhamento amplificado em superfície (SERS, do inglês, surface-enhanced Raman scattering) empregados na detecção deste fungicida. Os lipídios utilizados para formar os filmes de Langmuir forma brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB), brometo de didodecilmetilamônio (DDAB), 1,2-diplamitoil-sn-3-glicero-fosfatidilcolina (DPPC) e 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-3-glicero-[fosfo-rac-(1-glicerol)] (DPPG) e o estudo da interação foi realizado com e sem MBC na subfase aquosa. Os resultados mostraram que o MBC interage fortemente com o DODAB e DDAB, moderadamente com o DPPC e fracamente com o DPPG, indicando que a interação é de origem eletrostática. Unidades sensoriais compostas por eletrodos interdigitalizados recobertos com filmes LbL de DODAB/NiTsPc e perileno/DPPG compuseram uma língua eletrônica capaz de distinguir diferentes concentrações de MBC em solução via espectroscopia de impedância. Analisamos individualmente cada unidade sensorial, a composta pelo filme LbL de DODAB/NiTsPc foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho frente ao MBC. Os estudos SERS foram realizados em três etapas. Na primeira, várias morfologias de nanopartículas foram sintetizadas e avaliadas quais apresentam melhor sinal SERS do MBC. Deste estudo ficou determinado que as nanopartículas esféricas de prata apresentaram o melhor sinal SERS do MBC. A interação do MBC com a superfície destas nanopartículas foi realizada a partir de espectros SERS do MBC em vários pHs. Cálculos teóricos foram utilizados para atribuição dos modos vibracionais do MBC e assim na interpretação dos resultados experimentais. De principal relevância, das espécies de MBC as formas neutra (MBC0) e desprotocolada (MBC) apresentam afinidade pela superfície de prata, originando assim sinal SERS. Por fim, o limite... / Abstract: This work Langmuir films were employed to study the interactions between lipids and a fungicide called carbendazin (MBC), impedance spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scaterring (SERS) were used in the detection of this fungincide. The lipids employed to Langmuir films were dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DPPG) with and without MBC in the subphase. The results show that the MBC interacts strongly with DODAB, moderately with DPPC and weakly to DPPG, indicating that it is electrostatic interaction. Sensor units composed of interdigitated electrodes coated with LbL films DODAB/NiTsPc and perilene/DPPG composed and electronic tonque able to distinguish different MBC concentrations in solution, via impedance spectroscopy. Analyzing each sensory unit, the composed with LbL film DODAB/NiTsPc showed the best performance. The SERS studies were performed in three stages. The first one, several morphologies of nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated which lave better SERS signal of MBC. From this study it was concluded that the sherical nanoparticles of silver have better SERS signal of MBC and the subsequent results were obtained only with this nanoparticle. The interaction between MBC and surface of these nanoparticles was carried out by SERS spectra of MBC at several pHs. Here, theoretical calculations were used for assignment of vibrational modes of the MBC and thus help in the interpretation of experimental results. According to experimental and theoretical results neutrally (MBC0) and deprotonated (MBC) species have affinity for the silver surface and then show SERS signal. Finally, the MBC limit of detection was determined via SERS using a procedure which ensures that the reproducibility of the measurements, since SERS technique is not, yet, a routine analytical technique / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844280.pdf: 1613492 bytes, checksum: 118c1a4962800b91f632babdd4730d78 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O 17Þ - etinilestradiol (EE2) é um hormônio esteróide sintético com baixa solubilidade em água. A contaminação por esse estrogênio tem sua origem na contínua introdução em ambientes através do descarte inadequado de esgoto sanitário e industrial, como também pelo uso do lodo ativado de estações de tratamento de esgoto na agricultura. A exposição a esse composto vem sendo associada a causas de câncer de mama, infertilidade masculina e mutações em pequenos seres vivos, como peixes, cujos efeitos podem estar associados à interação do hormônio com a membrana celular. Assim, o estudo de modelos de membrana biológica na forma de filmes de Langmuir expostos ao EE2 na subfase foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a interação membrana/EE2 e gerar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de sensores para detectar tais substâncias em meio aquoso (língua eletrônica). Monocamadas compostas por moléculas antifilicas de diferentes cargas foram espalhadas sobre bubfase de ágau ultrapura contendo o EE2, sendo a interação membrana/hormônio estudada por meio das isotermas de pressão de superfície vs. área molecular média (isotermas л - A). Neste estudo foram utilizados os fosfolipídios dipalmitoil fosfatidil colina (DPPC), que é zwiteriônico, dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol (DPPG), que é aniônico, e o surfactante brometo de dioctadecil dimetil amônio (DODAB), que é catiônico. O ácido esteárico (AE) foi utilizado como estudo complementar para se obter um melhor entendimento sobre a interação de DPPC com EE2. Todas as moléculas utilizadas como modelos de membranas apresentam interações com o EE2, de acordo com as isotermas л - A, o que foi confirmado por espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS). Os estudos mostraram que as interações ocorrem através de interações eletrostáticas, principalmente na região polar dos lipídios, envolvendo não somente... / The 17 Þ - ethinyl estradiol (EE 2) is a synthetic steroid hormone with poor water solbility. Contamination by that estrogen has the origin in continuous introduction into aquatic environments through the improper disposal of domestic and industrial sewage, as well as the use of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants in agriculture. Exposure to this compound has been linked to breast cancer causes, male infertility and small mutations in living organisms such as fish, whose effects can be associated with the interaction of the hormone with the cell membrane. Thus, the study of membrane models in the form of Langmuir films exposed to EE2 in subphase was carried out to evaluate the interaction membrane/hormone. Monolayers composed of amphiphilic molecules with different charges were spread on ultrapure water subphase containing EE2, and the interaction membrane/hormone studied by surface pressure vs. mean molecular area isotherms (л - A isotherms). This study used the phospholipids dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), which is zwitterionic, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG), which is anionic, and the surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB), which is cationic. The stearic acid (SA) was used to obtain a better understanding of the interaction of EE2 with DPPC and DPPG. All molecules used as membrane models presented interactions with EE2, according to л - A isotherms, which was confirmed by spectroscopic reflection and absorption in the infrared polarization modulation (PM-IRRAS). The studies have shown that interactions occur through electrostatic interations, especially in the polar region of lipids, involving not only cationic and anionic group but also the groups C=O and P=O the lipids with OH group of EE2

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-17Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000794151.pdf: 2726744 bytes, checksum: 0e0b03c252d9dd9acc7b80f045202ade (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Instituto Nacional de Eletrônica Orgânica (INEO) / Nas últimas décadas, a preocupação com os níveis de emissão de gases nocivos tem aumentado consideravelmente, levando os pesquisadores a desenvolver novos materiais, dispositivos e tecnologias para o seu controle. Neste vasto campo, os sensores feitos à base de camadas poliméricas condutoras vêm apresentando resultados promissores, o que pode possibilitar a construção de sistemas de medição e de análises mais eficazes e portáteis. Todavia, dois parâmetros críticos que determinam a função dos dispositivos de polímeros conjugados são sua estrutura química e sua nanoestrutura no estado sólido. As propriedades elétricas destes materiais são drasticamente alteradas devido ao acoplamento eletrônico entre as cadeias poliméricas, que é determinado pelo tipo de empacotamento e conformação no estado sólido. Além disso, os politíofenos possuem características vantajosas comparados aos demais polímeros conjugados, tais como: a facilidade de síntese química e a relativa facilidade de funcionalização de suas cadeias laterais. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fabricar filmes Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), de derivados alquilados de politiofeno em sua forma regiorregular misturados com ácido esteárico (SA), de forma a obter filmes de boa qualidade, visando uma posterior caracterização elétrica e óptica, com aplicação de composto orgânico voláteis (VOCs). Foram fabricados filmes LB do poli(3-butiltiofeno), poli(3-hexiltiofeno), poli(3-octiltiofeno), contendo diferentes porcentagens de SA em sua composição, pois estes polímeros puros não apresentam boa deposição através da técnica LB. As isotermas de pressão dos filmes foram analisadas de modo a avaliar as características moleculares dos filmes, e determinação dos parâmetros de deposição destes. Estes filmes foram caracterizados opticamente por espectroscopia de absorção. Ultravioleta-Visível, possibilitando avaliar o crescimento dos... / In recent decades, concern about the levels of emission of harmful gases has increased considerably, lealding the researchers to develop new materials, devices and technologies for its control. In this vast field, conductive polymer sensors have shown promising results, which can enable the construction of measurement and analysis systems more effective and portable. However, two critical parameters for organic devices are their chemical structure and their solid nanostructure. The electrical properties of these materials have been drastically altered due to electronic coupling between polymer chains which is determined by the type of packing and conformation in the solid state. Moreover, the polythiophenes possess advantageous characteristics compared to other conjugated polymers such as: ease of chemical synthesis and relative ease of functionalization of their size chains. In this context, the aim of this work was to fabricate Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of alkylpolythiophene derivates in its regioregular form mixed with stearic acid (SA), in order to obtain good quality films. These films were optical and electrically characterized, and also tested as active layer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensors. LB films of poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(3-octylthiophere) containing different percentages of SA in its composition were fabricated, as these pure polymers don't show quality deposition by LB technique. The pressure isotherms of the films were analyzed to assess their molecular characteristics, and to determinate the deposition parameters. These films characterized optically by absorption spectroscopy Ultraviolet-Visible, allowing the evalution of the films growth and organization at the molecular level. Films morphology was analyzed through topographic images obtained in Atomic Force Microscope. LB films deposited onto interdigitated electrodes were used for investigation of electrical...

In Chapter 1, evidence is presented to correlate the vibronic progression in steady-state optical absorption spectra of a dimeric, organic material to its performance in field-effect transistor devices. The organic material, hPDI2, is fitted with solubilizing side chains of varying structure and length to investigate the effects that side chains have on both the optical and electronic properties of hPDI2. In solution, these side chains influence the character of aggregation and in thin films, the side chains influence film morphology. The character of aggregation in solution is determined by the change in relative peak intensities in optical absorption spectra with increasing concentration in solution. The change in relative peak intensity with increasing concentration in solution is a result of intermolecular electronic coupling, which alters the transitional symmetry of optical excitations. The character of aggregation in solution and the morphology of an organic material in thin films are akin to one another. In thin films, the intermolecular electronic coupling can facilitate the charge-transfer characteristics of an organic material in field-effect transistors. It is concluded that the structure and length of molecular side chains do indeed influence the optical and electronic properties of organic materials as a function of aggregation in solution and morphology in thin films. However, more evidence is necessary to elucidate a convincing correlation between the relative peak intensities in optical absorption spectra to the performance of the organic material in field-effect transistors. In Chapter 2, the fundamental electronic and chiroptical properties of a helical, polyaromatic molecule are demonstrated. Structurally, the organic material, NP3H, is a helix of helicenes, which generates intense circular dichroism. The circular dichroism is measured in spin-cast thin films. Electronic transfer characteristics are also presented for enantiopure NP3H as well as the racemic mixture. Upon fabricating field-effect transistors using spin-cast thin films of NP3H, the racemic mixture exhibits a marginally superior electron mobility over the enantiopure material. However, single crystals of enantiopure NP3H were grown and exhibited a two-fold increase in electron mobility when fabricated into a field-effect transistor device in comparison to its amorphous, spin-cast counterpart. It is concluded that enantiopure NP3H exhibits the necessary physical prerequisites to be useful in chiral device applications such as electron spin-filters and chiral light detectors. In Chapter 3, hPDI2 and NP3H are investigated for their ability to aggregate and form ordered films at the air-water interface of a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. Isotherms are presented and compared for each side chain derivative of hPDI2 as well as enantiopure and racemic NP3H. Additionally, an enhancement in circular dichroism is observed when a system of ordered layers of enantiopure NP3H are deposited from the Langmuir-Blodgett trough in comparison to its amorphous, spin-cast counterpart. Furthermore, ordered layers of enantiopure NP3H exhibit an enhancement in electron mobility when fabricated into field-effect transistor devices. The electron mobility is also demonstrated to enhance as the number of ordered layers that increases up to five layers. When ten ordered layers are deposited, a slight decrease is observed. Lastly, single crystals of hPDI2 were grown by solvent annealing a system of ordered layers deposited from the Langmuir-Blodgett trough, which is significant because, to the best of the author’s knowledge, a similar technique for single crystal growth of an organic material from ordered layers of Langmuir-Blodgett films has not yet been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature. It is concluded that the increased order that is induced by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique does indeed enhance the optical and electronic properties of organic materials in comparison to amorphous, spin-cast films and that this enhancement could be advantageous in device applications.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

by Leung, Kwok Kong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Leung, Kwok Kong. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Transmittance in Metal-Dielectric Multilayers --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Transfer matrix approach --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3 --- Transfer matrix simulation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Physical explanation --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Optical Nonlinear Response of Composite Layer --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Transfer matrix formalism for oblique incidence --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Transfer matrix method in nonlinear region --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- S-polarization --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- P-polarization --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Backward propagation technique --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Nonlinear phase shift --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Transfer matrix method approach --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analytic solution formalism --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Study of Photonic Band Gap of Nonlinear Dielectrics --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Nonlinear response of single thin nonlinear layer --- p.34 / Chapter 4.3 --- Nonlinear response of δ-function between two linear dielectric --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4 --- Photonic band structure --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Photonic band structure of linear thin films --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Photonic band structure of linear layers --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5 --- Photonic band gap of nonlinear dielectric multilayers --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Optical Limiting of Composite Material --- p.49 / Chapter 5.1 --- Transmittance of periodic multilayer structures --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Transmittance properties at low intensity --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Transmittance at high intensity: optical limiting effect --- p.52 / Chapter 5.2 --- The effect of layer thickness on optical limiting --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3 --- Optical limiting property of PBG materials --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Appendix A. --- Effective dielectric function --- p.64 / Bibliography --- p.67