京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19515号 / 理博第4175号 / 新制||理||1599(附属図書館) / 32551 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 依光 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This thesis is concerned with the reactions of sulfur-centred radicals and alkynes. The first objective of this work was to extend the scope of “self-terminating radical cyclisations” to sulfur-centred radicals, such as thiyl radicals. Preliminary experiments revealed that the reaction of thiyl radicals with alkynes was sensitive to residual oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, the reactions of photochemically generated phenylthiyl radicals with cyclodecyne (1) resulted in three isomeric sulfides, which were identified through a combination of techniques. (1S,6S)-2-phenylthiobicyclo[4.4.0]decane (trans-49a, unknown stereochemistry at C2) was identified by synthesis of an authentic sample, while the structure of (1S,2R,6S)-2-phenylthiobicyclo[4.4.0]decane (cis-49a1) was determined by X-ray analysis of the corresponding crystalline sulfone, cis-69. The third sulfide, (1S,2S,6S)-2-phenylthio-bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (cis-49a2), was assigned based on computational studies. / In addition, the reactions of benzylthiyl, tert-butylthiyl and allylthiyl radicals with cyclodecyne (1) were investigated. Various sources of thiyl radical generation were utilized, such as the photolysis of disulfides and thiols, hydrogen atom abstraction of thiols using radical initiators, as well as thiol autoxidation in the presence of oxygen. The radical cascade initiated by the addition of thiyl radicals to alkyne 1 was typically terminated by either reduction or disproportionation, whereas “self-termination” was only observed in one particular instance where the tert-butylthiyl radical was generated by autoxidation. However, this was only a minor pathway. / The second objective of this work was to investigate the reactions of thiyl radicals with alkynes in the presence of oxygen. For this purpose, phenylthiyl radicals were generated in the presence of diphenylacetylene (89) and molecular oxygen. Benzil (91), an α-diketone, and 1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylthio)ethanone (93), an α-ketosulfide, were formed. The novel thiyl radical-mediated oxidation of diphenylacetylene to benzil mediated proceeds under mild and metal-free conditions, using various methods of thiyl radical generation. The product ratio of diketone to ketosulfide varied with the reaction conditions. Under photochemical conditions, benzil was formed but its photodegradation was also observed. Using autoxidation, moderate to good yields of both diketone 91 and ketosulfide 93 were obtained, although the product ratios varied with solvent and reaction conditions. Diketone 91 was the major product when the thiyl radical was generated electrochemically. Following investigation of the reaction mechanism using experimental and computational studies, the phenylthiyl peroxyl radical was identified as the key reactive intermediate. This represents the first synthetic application of thiyl peroxyl radicals. / Using autoxidation conditions, the oxidation was explored using substituted aromatic thiyl radicals, e.g. 2,6-dimethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylbenzene, 4-methoxybenzene and 4-nitrobenzene thiyl radicals. Except for the case of 4-methoxybenzene thiyl radicals, where generation of the thiyl radicals was inefficient, diketone 91 was formed as the dominant product. This oxidation of alkynes to ketones, via thiyl radical-mediated activation of oxygen, was then applied to cyclodecyne (1). Bicyclic ketones 7/8 were found as the major products under photochemical conditions, while sulfides 152/trans-49a were the dominant products under autoxidation conditions. Bicyclic ketones 7/8 were formed due to the intramolecular radical processes directed by the transannular strain of the ten-membered carbon framework. Only trace amounts of the cyclic α-diketone 151 were detected under autoxidation conditions.

We developed an approach to the β-thioenamide linkage contained in the S-(2-aminovinyl)cysteine (avCys) residue of thioviridamide.1,2 Kinetic and thermodynamic control of radical additions of thiols to ynamides were studied for the formation of β-thioenamide linkage. Thiyl radicals are electrophilic and ynamides are electron-rich alkynes. This complementary polarity of the radical and acceptor increases the likelihood of a successful radical addition reaction. Because little is known about these types of compounds (β-thioenamides), we were unsure what kinds of yields and stereoselectivities (cis vs. trans) to expect. The adduct stability is another issue to consider. Fortunately, under typical radical addition conditions, the two separable isomers (cis and trans) are formed in good yield. Selective formation of kinetic (cis) and thermodynamic (trans) isomers are controlled by reaction time and equivalents of thiol. We converted the kinetic isomer to the thermodynamic isomer to confirm that isomerization can occur under the reaction conditions. Alkyl and aryl thiols including cysteine-derived thiols with different ynamides were used in this process.

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNR) are essential enzymes that catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, which is a critical step that produces precursors for DNA replication and repair. The inactivation of RNR, logically, would discontinue producing the precursors of the DNA of viral or cancer cells, which then would consequently end the cycle of DNA replication. Among different compounds that were found to be inhibitors of RNR, 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleotide diphosphates (N3NDPs) have been investigated in depth as potent inhibitors of RNR. Decades of investigation has suggested that the inactivation of RNR by N3NDPs is a result of the formation of a nitrogen-centered radical (N•) that is covalently attached to the nucleotide at C3' and cysteine molecule C225 [3'-C(R-S-N•-C-OH)]. Biomimetic simulation reactions for the generation of the nitrogen-centered radicals similar to the one observed during the inactivation of the RNR by azionuclotides was investigated. The study included several modes: (i) theoretical calculation that showed the feasibility of the ring closure reaction between thiyl radicals and azido group; (ii) synthesis of the model azido nucleosides with a linker attached to C3' or C5' having a thiol or vicinal dithiol functionality; (iii) generation of the thiyl radical under both physiological and radiolysis conditions whose role is important in the initiation on RNR cascades; and (iv) analysis of the nitrogen-centered radical species formed during interaction between the thiyl radical and azido group by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Characterization of the aminyl radical species formed during one electron attachment to the azido group of 2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridine and its stereospecifically labelled 1'-, 2'-, 3'-, 4'- or 5,6-[2H2]-analogues was also examined. This dissertation gave insight toward understanding the mechanism of the formation of the nitrogen-centered radical during the inactivation of RNRs by azidonucleotides as well as the mechanism of action of RNRs that might provide key information necessary for the development of the next generation of antiviral and anticancer drugs.

Les radicaux organiques tiennent une place de choix dans de nombreux domaines et il est établi que ceux-ci peuvent exister coordinés à des centres métalliques dans les métalloenzymes. La Galactose Oxydase par exemple contient une entité cuivre(II)-radical phénoxyle indispensable à sa réactivité pour l'oxydation aérobie d'alcools en aldéhydes. Ces travaux de thèse ont consisté en l'élaboration de complexes de métaux de transitions (cuivre, nickel, cobalt) à partir de ligands noninnocents. Les caractérisations des espèces sous divers degrés d'oxydation ont été réalisées par différentes techniques complémentaires d'analyse (l'électrochimie, la RPE, l'UV-visible-proche-IR, la resonance raman ainsi que la diffraction des rayons X) combinées à des études de chimie théorique. Nous avons synthétisé des complexes Ni(II)-salen symétriques et dissymétriques et montré que l'espèce oxydée radicalaire pouvait acquérir un caractère localisé (composé de classe II) ou délocalisé (composé de classe III selon Robin-Day) en fonction des substituants phénoliques. Dans des complexes Cu(II)-salophen nous avons mis en évidence une activité redox centrée sur le pont, conduisant à des espèces Cu(II)-radicaux π diaminobenzène. Dans le cas des complexes de cobalt, les orbitales redox actives du métal et du ligand sont si proches en énergie que l'espèce oxydée est un hybride de résonance entre les formes Co(III)-phénolate et Co(II)-phénoxyle. Nous avons évalué l'influence du remplacement des oxygènes du salen par des azotes sur la structure électronique des espèces oxydées. Enfin, des complexes ont été mis au point à partir d'un ligand bis(phénol)-dipyrrine et les espèces oxydées radicalaires ont été caractérisées structuralement. Elles ont un caractère mixte porphyrinyle-phénoxyle jamais mis en évidence au préalable. / Organic radicals play key roles in various fields and it is established that they could coordinate metal centers in metalloenzymes. For example, Galactose Oxydase exhibits a copper-phenoxyl entity, essential for its reactivity (aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes). This thesis is focused on the design of transition metal complexes (copper, nickel, cobalt) from non innocent ligands. The characterization of species at various oxidation states has been performed by complementary analytical techniques (electrochemistry, EPR, UV-vis-NIR, raman resonance, X-ray crystallography) and theoretical chemistry. Several Ni-salen complexes were synthetized (symmetrical or not) and the resulting oxidized species could be either localized (class II compound) or delocalized (class III compound) radicals depending on the phenolic substituents. In Cu(II)-salophen complexes we successfully shed light on a bridge-centered redox activity, leading to Cu(II)-diaminobenzene π radical species. In the case of cobalt, both metal and ligand redox active orbitals are isoenergetic and the oxidized species is a resonance hybrid between the Co(III)-phenolate and the Co(II)-phenoxyl forms. We evaluated the influence of the replacement of the salen oxygen atoms by nitrogen ones on the electronic structure of the resulting oxidized species. Finally, original complexes were synthesized from a bis(phénol)-dipyrrine ligand and the radical oxidized species were structurally characterized. They exhibit a unprecedented mixed porphyrinyl-phenoxyl character.

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