published_or_final_version / Surgery / Master / Master of Surgery

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Also available in print.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Med.)--University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.

A 53 year-old male presented with a one-day history of a swollen arm and dull, aching pain in the right upper extremity. The patient reported commencing exercising daily over the prior week with a modified, oscillating dumbbell; commonly referred to as a Shake Weight. Imaging revealed an occlusive thrombus in the right axillary, proximal brachial and basilic veins. The patient was treated with a 24-hour tPA infusion followed by mechanical thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and stent placement for a residual thrombus and stenosis. The patient was discharged the following day on warfarin and aspirin. This is the first report of effort-induced thrombosis of the upper extremity following the use of a modified, oscillating dumbbell. Due to the growing popularity of modified dumbbells and the possible risk for axillary vein thrombosis, consideration should be made to caution consumers of this potential complication.

Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico (SDT) abrange manifestações nervosas e/ou vasculares. Pode haver dor e/ou parestesia em braço, antebraço e mão mesmo em repouso, assim como sensação de dormência, força diminuída ou dificuldades durante atividades com elevação dos braços mesmo com exame eletrofisiológico negativo, forma neurológica não verdadeira. Na intenção do aprimoramento da técnica, tem se usado ultrassom na infiltração muscular. Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia da injeção de ropivacaína 0,375% nas doses de 2,5ml em cada ventre dos músculos escalenos anterior e médio, guiado por ultrassonografia, no tratamento da Síndrome do desfiladeiro torácico neurogênico inespecífico através dos protocolo de funcionalidade DASH - DISABILITIES OF THE ARM, SHOULDER, AND HAND e EVA ou VAS - escala visual analógica comparado com o toque cutâneo com mesmo conjunto seringa-agulha nos mesmos pontos de acesso de onde seria a injeção. Método: ensaio clínico, controlado por placebo, aleatorizado, duplo cego, com dois braços paralelos. Os dados clínicos foram coletados por meio de um protocolo padronizado. Foram incluídos nesse estudo sujeitos com diagnóstico de Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico Neurogênico inespecífico, que contemplaram os critérios de inclusão com dor em membros superiores e/ou cervicalgia sem radiculopatia ou comprometimento neurológico do membro em questão por causas radiculares compressivas ou encefálicas. O desfecho primário foi a funcionalidade avaliada pela escala Disabilitie of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand - DASH validada no Brasil e a melhora da dor, mensurada através da Escala Visual Analógica - EVA. O tempo das avaliações foram T0= antes da intervenção; T1= imediatamente após, T2= 1 semana, T3=4 semanas e T4= 12 semanas, sendo que para o T1 não foi aplicado o DASH. Resultados: o total de pacientes foram 38, sendo 19 no grupo controle (CT) e 19 no grupo intervenção (INT). Os pacientes e os controles foram comparáveis com relação as variáveis idade, gênero, escolaridade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), atividade física, tabagismo, doenças crônicas associadas (p > 0,05). Com relação ao DASH, de forma estatisticamente significante (p > 0,05), é possível afirmar que o grupo intervenção apresentou melhora da funcionalidade a partir de 4 semanas e essa melhora se manteve, até a décima segunda semana. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos CT e INT, quanto a escala VAS nos 5 momentos avaliados (VAS inicial grupo total p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em termos práticos conclui-se que injeção de ropivacaína 0,375% nas doses de 2,5ml em cada ventre dos músculos escalenos anterior e médio, guiado por ultrassonografia, no tratamento da Síndrome do desfiladeiro torácico neurogênico inespecífico auxilia na melhora da função entretanto, em relação a melhora da dor não há diferença entre os grupos / Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) encompasses nerve and/or vascular manifestations. There may be pain and/or paresthesia in the arm, forearm and hand even at rest, as well as numbness, decreased strength or difficulties during activities with elevation of the arms even with negative electrophysiological examination, non-true neurological form. In order to improve the technique, ultrasound has been used in muscle infiltration. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of 0.375% ropivacaine injection in the doses of 2.5 ml in each muscular belly of the anterior and middle scolenes muscles, guided by ultrasonography, in the treatment of nonspecific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome through DASH - DISABILITIES OF THE ARM, SHOULDER, AND HAND and VAS - visual analogue scale compared to the skin touch with the same syringe-needle set at the same access points from where the injection would be. Method: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with two parallel arms. Clinical data were collected through a standardized protocol. Included in this study were subjects with a diagnosis of nonspecific, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome who included criteria for inclusion with pain in upper limbs and / or neck pain without radiculopathy or neurological impairment of the limb in question due to compressive or encephalic root causes. The primary endpoint was the functionality evaluated by the Disabilitie of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand - DASH scale validated in Brazil and the improvement of pain, measured by the Visual Analogue Scale - VAS. The time of the evaluations were T0 = before the intervention; T1 = immediately after, T2 = 1 week, T3 = 4 weeks and T4 = 12 weeks, and for T1 the DASH was not applied. Results: the total number of patients was 38, 19 in the control group (CT) and 19 in the intervention group (INT). Patients and controls were comparable in relation to the variables age, gender, schooling, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, and associated chronic diseases (p > 0.05). With regard to DASH, statistically significant (p > 0.05), it is possible to state that the intervention group showed improvement of the functionality after 4 weeks and this improvement was maintained until the twelfth week. There was no statistically significant difference significant difference between the groups CT and INT, and the VAS scale in the 5 moments evaluated (initial ARV total group p < 0.001). Conclusion: In practical terms, it is concluded that ropivacaine injection 0.375% in doses of 2.5 ml in each anterior and middle scalene muscles, guided by ultrasonography, in the treatment of nonspecific neurogenic thoracic defibrillary syndrome helps to improve function, however, in relation to pain improvement there is no difference between the groups

 ABSTRACT  Background: Since its first mention by Kirk et al. in 1967 and its recognition as a full- fledged rheumatologic disorder, the hypermobility syndrome (HMS) has been increasingly investigated and reported in the scientific literature. Expeditiously renamed benign joint hypermobility syndrome in the patent absence of life-threatening complications, its relatively innocuous character has been progressively reconsidered. In fact, the HMS tends to date to be considered analogous to the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-hypermobility type, a heritable disease of connective tissue, and therefore emerges as a chiefly rheumatologic disorder with possible widespread reverberations in practically all organs and systems. The condition thence goes beyond the sole involvement of the musculoskeletal system and is recurrently associated with seemingly-unrelated and more or less severe conditions (cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastro- intestinal…). However, neurologic implications of the hypermobility syndrome remain poorly documented, particularly those regarding the peripheral nervous system. Ranking amongst the afflictions of the latter, nerve entrapment syndromes (NES) comprehend a multitude of categories, notably the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). And if their pathological mechanisms are generally apprehended...

<p>Uvod - Etiologija sindroma gornjeg otvora grudnog ko&scaron;a (thoracic outlet syndrome- TOS) je udruženost vi&scaron;e faktora koji su posledica naru&scaron;avanja anatomsko-topografskih odnosa u nivou gornjeg otvora grudnog ko&scaron;a: kostoklavikularnog prostora, prednjeg skalenskog otvora, kao i same mehanike rebarnih zglobova i hrskavica, koji dovode do suženja prostora kroz koje prolaze neurovaskularne strukture, njihove kompresije, a samim tim i iritacije neurovaskularnih struktura. Sindrom gornjeg otvora grudnog ko&scaron;a je kompleks simptoma uzrokovanih kompresijom brahijalnog spleta, vene subklavije, arterije subklavije i simpatičkih vlakana, koji karakteri&scaron;u bol, parestezije, mi&scaron;ićna slabost i osećaj nelagodnosti u ruci/rukama koji se pojačava podizanjem ruke/ruku ili prekomernim pokretima glave i vrata, te dovode do smanjenja funkcionalne sposobnosti ruke/ruku i pote&scaron;koća u obavljanju svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Pored toga imaju često izraženu tahikardiju, osećaj stezanja u grudima, glavobolju, vrtoglavicu, zujanje u u&scaron;ima. Navedene tegobe su izraženije ponekad noću i dovode do poremećaja spavanja (problemi usnivanja, hrkanje, ka&scaron;ljanje, osećaj toplo/hladno, apnea, poremećaj dnevno/noćnog ritma- hronotipizacija, itd). Kao posledica lo&scaron;eg spavanja moguća je pojava depresivnih simptoma. U raspoloživoj literaturi, spavanje i kvalitet spavanja se uglavnom posmatraju kroz prizmu drugih bolesti i stanja. Materijal i metode - Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 181 (sto osam deset jedna) osoba. Od tog broja 53 mu&scaron;karca i 128 žena. Test grupu sačinjavalo je 82 ispitanika sa dijagnostikovanim TOS, a 99 zdravih osoba/osoba oba pola koji nemaju simptomatologiju TOS, je predstavljalo kontrolnu grupu. Grupe su bile ujednačene po polu i starosti (od 18 do 65). Tokom studije ispitanici su podvrgnuti kliničkom pregledu &ndash; fizikalnom i neurolo&scaron;kom pregledu. Pregled je podrazumevao pregled posture obolelog (posmatranje mi&scaron;ića regije vrata, ramena i ruku- trofika, tonus, konzistencija, mobilnost i kontraktilnost), posmatranje promena na koži (sa posebnim osvrtom na promene boje kože, trofičkih promena kože i noktiju i temperature kože ruku - &scaron;aka), testiranje refleksa, ispitivanje senzibiliteta u regijama inervacije odgovarajućih spinalnih korenova brahijalnog spleta. Takođe vr&scaron;ena je analiza stanja uhranjenosti (telesna visina, telesna masa, indeks telesne mase) i izvođenje provokativnih testova (Adson manevar, Rus test, Halsted test, Elvi test i Kostoklavikularni test). Kao deo ispitivanja obavljeno je i radiolo&scaron;ko snimanje vratne kičme kao i pregled oscilografom. Ispitanici su imali za zadatak da ispune sledeće upitnike: Upitnik o nesposobnosti ruke, ramena i &scaron;ake (DASH), Pitsbur&scaron;ki indeks kvaliteta spavanja (PSQI), Upitnik o hronotipizaciji (MEQ), Bekov upitnik o depresiji (BDI II). Na kraju ispitanici su davali odgovore na pitanja iz vodiča za istraživača sastavljenog sa ciljem evaluacije različitih aspekata spavanja. Rezultati - Rezultati su pokazali da su upotrebljene skale dale zadovoljavajuću pouzdanost. Pokazalo se da osobe sa dijagnozom TOS pored bogate simptomatologije imaju jo&scaron; i probleme sa spavanjem. Analizom rezultata do&scaron;lo se do zaključka da osobe sa dijagnozom TOS su starije, imaju vi&scaron;e problema sa spavanjem i veću nesposobnost ruke, ramena i &scaron;ake. Nije se pokazala razlika u hronotipizaciji kod osoba sa TOS u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Takođe može se zaključiti da osobe koje imaju izraženu nesposobnost ruku, ramena i &scaron;ake imaju značajno veću &scaron;ansu da imaju sindrom gornjeg otvora grudnog ko&scaron;a. Ove osobe pri tom imaju i veću &scaron;ansu da razviju depresiju i poremećaj spavanja, te se zaključuje da ova dva parametra svoj uticaj na TOS ostvaruju preko problema sa funkcionisanjem ruke, ramena i &scaron;ake. Dobar prediktor za postavljanje dijagnoze TOS može biti testiranje osoba DASH skalom. Zaključak - Rezultati studije mogu biti putokaz daljim istraživanjima, koja bi otvorila vrata formiranju protokola i opservaciji kvaliteta života osoba sa sindroma gornjeg otvora grudnog ko&scaron;a, sa posebnim osvrtom na poremećaje spavanja.</p> / <p>Etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is an association of several factors which are the result of disruption in the anatomical-topographical relations, in the level of superior thoracic aperture: costoclavicular space, anterior scalene aperture, as well as the mechanics of rib joints and cartilage, causing narrowing of space through which the neurovascular structures pass, their compression, and thus the irritation of neurovascular structures. Thoracic outlet syndrome is a complex of symptoms caused by the compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian vein, subclavian artery and sympathetic fibres, which is characterized by pain, parasthesias, muscle weakness and a feeling of discomfort in the arm / arms, which increases with raising the arm/arms or by excessive head and neck movements leading to a reduction of functional capabilities of the hands / arms and difficulties in everyday activities. In addition, patients often have expressed tachycardia, feeling of tightness in the chest, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. These problems are more pronounced at night and sometimes lead to sleep disorders (difficulty in falling asleep, snoring, coughing, feeling hot/cold, apnea, day/night rhythm disorder - Morningness/Eveningness disorder, etc.). As a result of poor sleeping depressive symptoms may occur. In the available bibliography, sleep and quality of sleep are mainly viewed through other diseases and conditions. The study included a total number of 181 (one hundred eighty one) people. Out of that 53 men and 128 women. The test group consisted of 82 patients diagnosed with TOS, and 99 healthy persons of both genders who had no symptoms of TOS, and constitute the control group. Groups were equalled by gender and age (18 to 65). Throughout the study subjects underwent clinical examination - both physical and neurological. This included an assessment of posture of the patient (observation of muscles in region of the neck, shoulders and arms - trophic, muscle tone, consistency, mobility and contractility), observation of changes on the skin (with a special emphasis on skin colour changes, trophic changes of the skin, nails and skin temperature of arms - hands), reflex testing, sensitivity testing in regions of innervations which correspond to spinal roots of the brachial plexus. Moreover, an analysis was conducted on the body composition analysis (body height, body weight, body mass index) as well as provocative tests (Adson manoeuvre, the Roos test, Halstead test, Elvy test and Costoclavicular test). Radiology scan of the cervical spine as well as oscillograph testing was conducted as a part of the test. The subjects were asked to fulfil the following questionnaires: Questionnaire on Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), The Morningness / Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Beck Questionnaire on Depression (BDI II). Finally the subjects answered questions that researcher had drawn up in order to evaluate different aspects of sleep. The results showed that the scales used were reliable. It proved that persons diagnosed with TOS in addition to numerous symptoms also had problems with sleep. By analyzing the results it was concluded that people diagnosed with TOS are older, have more problems with sleep and greater disability of arms, shoulders and hands. There was no difference in Morningness/Eveningness type in patients with TOS in comparison to the control group. It can also be concluded that people who have pronounced disability of arms, shoulders and hands have a significantly greater chance of having thoracic outlet syndrome. These persons are more likely to develop depression and sleep disorders therefore those two entities impact TOS through the problems with the functioning of the arms, shoulders and hands. A good predictor in diagnosis of TOS may be testing people with DASH scale. The study findings can serve as a guideline for further research, opening the door into forming protocols and observation of the quality of life of people with the thoracic outlet syndrome, with special emphasis on sleep disorders.</p>