Rwanda experienced one of the most horrendous atrocities in our modern history in the summer of 1994 when a genocide occurred within the country, and in the aftermath the nation had to deal with this history and rebuild its society. This essay examines the reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda with the aim of investigating potential power mechanisms during this process. The study researches the policies implemented by the government of Rwanda during this process and what effect they potentially can have on the reconciliation in the country. The focus is on the policy of National Unity and Reconciliation and two of the main instruments within this government policy, which are Gacaca and Ingando. The analytical framework for this study is Steven Lukes’ theory on three-dimensional power, which was applied as an analytical lens to examine the power exercise by the RPF government. The essay used an abductive approach to research the subject and a case study as the chosen method for the study. The results of the research confirms that there are several instances of power exercise, both within the two and three-dimensional concept of power as described by Lukes. Certain aspects of the RPF’s policies aimed at reconciliation can be seen as power exercise by the government and potentially be problematic for a successful reconciliation process.

Objetivo - Comparar índices 3D Power Doppler (PD3D) da circulação úteroplacentária (UPC) no primeiro e segundo trimestre em pacientes que desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia (PE) e aquelas que não fizeram e testar a hipótese de que os parâmetros da vascularização e intensidade de fluxo da placenta, tal como determinado por PD3D, são diferentes em gestações normais em comparação com pré-eclâmpsia. Método - Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo usando PD3D para avaliar a perfusão da placenta em 96 gestantes que fizeram o exame ecográfico de rotina entre 11 e 14 semanas. O índice vascular (VI), o índice de fluxo (FI) e o índice de fluxo vascular (VFI) por histograma Doppler tridimensional foram calculados. Todas pacientes repetiram o exame entre 16 e 20 semanas. Após o nascimento as pacientes foram classificadas como normais ou com pré-eclâmpsia. Resultados - Os índices vasculares placentários incluindo VI, FI e VFI foram significativamente menores em placentas com PE em comparação com os controles no exame realizado no segundo trimestre (p <0,001). Não houve diferença estatística nas pacientes examinadas no primeiro trimestre. Conclusão - Nossos resultados sugerem que a avaliação de índices vasculares placentários com Power Doppler 3D no segundo trimestre tem o potencial para detectar as mulheres em risco para o desenvolvimento posterior de PE. / Objective - To compare 3D power Doppler indices (3DPD) of utero-placental circulation (UPC) in the first and second quarter in patients who developed preeclampsia and those who did not and to test the hypothesis that the parameters of vascularization and placenta flow intensity, as determined by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D) are different in normal pregnancies compared with preeclampsia. Methods - A prospective observational study using 3D power Doppler was performed to evaluate the placental perfusion in 96 pregnant women who came to do the ultrasound routine between 11 and 14 weeks. The placental vascular index (VI), flow index (FI), blood vessels and blood flow index (VFI) by three-dimensional Doppler histogram were calculated. All patients repeated the exam between 16 and 20 weeks. The outcome was scored as normal or preeclamptic. Results - The placental vascular indices including VI, FI and VFI were significantly lower in preeclamptic placentas compared with controls in the study performed in the second trimester (p <0.001). There was no statistical difference in the patients examined in the first trimester. Conclusion - Our findings suggest that 3D-Power Doppler assessment of placental vascular indices in the second trimester has the potential to detect women at risk for subsequent development of PE.

Objetivo - Comparar índices 3D Power Doppler (PD3D) da circulação úteroplacentária (UPC) no primeiro e segundo trimestre em pacientes que desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia (PE) e aquelas que não fizeram e testar a hipótese de que os parâmetros da vascularização e intensidade de fluxo da placenta, tal como determinado por PD3D, são diferentes em gestações normais em comparação com pré-eclâmpsia. Método - Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo usando PD3D para avaliar a perfusão da placenta em 96 gestantes que fizeram o exame ecográfico de rotina entre 11 e 14 semanas. O índice vascular (VI), o índice de fluxo (FI) e o índice de fluxo vascular (VFI) por histograma Doppler tridimensional foram calculados. Todas pacientes repetiram o exame entre 16 e 20 semanas. Após o nascimento as pacientes foram classificadas como normais ou com pré-eclâmpsia. Resultados - Os índices vasculares placentários incluindo VI, FI e VFI foram significativamente menores em placentas com PE em comparação com os controles no exame realizado no segundo trimestre (p <0,001). Não houve diferença estatística nas pacientes examinadas no primeiro trimestre. Conclusão - Nossos resultados sugerem que a avaliação de índices vasculares placentários com Power Doppler 3D no segundo trimestre tem o potencial para detectar as mulheres em risco para o desenvolvimento posterior de PE. / Objective - To compare 3D power Doppler indices (3DPD) of utero-placental circulation (UPC) in the first and second quarter in patients who developed preeclampsia and those who did not and to test the hypothesis that the parameters of vascularization and placenta flow intensity, as determined by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D) are different in normal pregnancies compared with preeclampsia. Methods - A prospective observational study using 3D power Doppler was performed to evaluate the placental perfusion in 96 pregnant women who came to do the ultrasound routine between 11 and 14 weeks. The placental vascular index (VI), flow index (FI), blood vessels and blood flow index (VFI) by three-dimensional Doppler histogram were calculated. All patients repeated the exam between 16 and 20 weeks. The outcome was scored as normal or preeclamptic. Results - The placental vascular indices including VI, FI and VFI were significantly lower in preeclamptic placentas compared with controls in the study performed in the second trimester (p <0.001). There was no statistical difference in the patients examined in the first trimester. Conclusion - Our findings suggest that 3D-Power Doppler assessment of placental vascular indices in the second trimester has the potential to detect women at risk for subsequent development of PE.

Objetivo - Comparar índices 3D Power Doppler (PD3D) da circulação úteroplacentária (UPC) no primeiro e segundo trimestre em pacientes que desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia (PE) e aquelas que não fizeram e testar a hipótese de que os parâmetros da vascularização e intensidade de fluxo da placenta, tal como determinado por PD3D, são diferentes em gestações normais em comparação com pré-eclâmpsia. Método - Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo usando PD3D para avaliar a perfusão da placenta em 96 gestantes que fizeram o exame ecográfico de rotina entre 11 e 14 semanas. O índice vascular (VI), o índice de fluxo (FI) e o índice de fluxo vascular (VFI) por histograma Doppler tridimensional foram calculados. Todas pacientes repetiram o exame entre 16 e 20 semanas. Após o nascimento as pacientes foram classificadas como normais ou com pré-eclâmpsia. Resultados - Os índices vasculares placentários incluindo VI, FI e VFI foram significativamente menores em placentas com PE em comparação com os controles no exame realizado no segundo trimestre (p <0,001). Não houve diferença estatística nas pacientes examinadas no primeiro trimestre. Conclusão - Nossos resultados sugerem que a avaliação de índices vasculares placentários com Power Doppler 3D no segundo trimestre tem o potencial para detectar as mulheres em risco para o desenvolvimento posterior de PE. / Objective - To compare 3D power Doppler indices (3DPD) of utero-placental circulation (UPC) in the first and second quarter in patients who developed preeclampsia and those who did not and to test the hypothesis that the parameters of vascularization and placenta flow intensity, as determined by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D) are different in normal pregnancies compared with preeclampsia. Methods - A prospective observational study using 3D power Doppler was performed to evaluate the placental perfusion in 96 pregnant women who came to do the ultrasound routine between 11 and 14 weeks. The placental vascular index (VI), flow index (FI), blood vessels and blood flow index (VFI) by three-dimensional Doppler histogram were calculated. All patients repeated the exam between 16 and 20 weeks. The outcome was scored as normal or preeclamptic. Results - The placental vascular indices including VI, FI and VFI were significantly lower in preeclamptic placentas compared with controls in the study performed in the second trimester (p <0.001). There was no statistical difference in the patients examined in the first trimester. Conclusion - Our findings suggest that 3D-Power Doppler assessment of placental vascular indices in the second trimester has the potential to detect women at risk for subsequent development of PE.