L’infarctus du myocarde est une des premières causes de décès dans le monde. Sa prise en charge repose sur une reperfusion précoce. De façon paradoxale, la reperfusion induit des lésions délétères qui participent à la nécrose de l’organe. Parmi les stratégies de cardioprotection qui visent à limiter la formation de ces lésions, il a été décrit que l’utilisation d’anticoagulants au moment de la reperfusion avait un effet bénéfique sur la taille finale d’infarctus chez l’animal. La cardioprotection induite par ces molécules serait liée à la modulation des phénomènes thrombo-inflammatoires impliqués dans la formation des lésions de reperfusion. Nous nous sommes intéressés à deux anticoagulants inhibant le facteur X activé, le fondaparinux et le rivaroxaban, à l’aide d’un modèle d’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) myocardique chez le rat et de modèles cellulaires d’hypoxie-réoxygénation. Nos résultats montrent que ces deux molécules ont un effet cardioprotecteur à la phase aigue de la reperfusion via des mécanismes différents. La cardioprotection induite par le fondaparinux n’est pas liée à un effet anti-inflammatoire. En revanche, cet anticoagulant induit une modulation du phénotype endothélial au cours de l’IR avec l’augmentation de l’expression de deux molécules cytoprotectrices, la thrombomoduline et le récepteur endothélial de la protéine C. Concernant le rivaroxaban, son effet bénéfique serait lié à un effet cytoprotecteur au niveau des cardiomyocytes. Cette étude confirme l’intérêt des anticoagulants dans la cardioprotection et précise les cibles cellulaires impliquées, ouvrant des perspectives intéressantes concernant l’inhibition de la coagulation au cours de l’IR. / Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death worldwide. Prompt reperfusion therapy is essential to limit the infarct size. Paradoxically, reperfusion itself can induce deleterious lesions contributing to necrosis, called reperfusion injuries. Among cardioprotective strategies aiming to reduce the formation of these lesions, the use of anticoagulants during reperfusion has been proven to be effective in animals. Anticoagulants-induced cardioprotection would be related to the modulation of thrombo-inflammatory phenomenoms involved in the formation of reperfusion injuries. We studied two anticoagulants inhibiting activated factor X, fondaparinux and rivaroxaban, in a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model in rat and in cellular models of hypoxia-reoxygenation. Our results showed that these two anticoagulants were cardioprotective at early-stage reperfusion via distinct mechanisms. Fondaparinux protective effet was not associated with anti-inflammatory properties. However, this anticoagulant increased the expression of two cytoprotective endothelial molecules, thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor. Rivaroxaban beneficial effect was related to cytoprotective effect on cardiomyocytes. This study confirms the of use anticoagulants as a relevant cardioprotective strategy and specifies the cellular targets involved, opening new perspectives regarding the inhibition of coagulation in the setting of IR.

Procoagulant extracellular vesicles (EV) and platelet activation have been associated with gestational vascular complications. EV-induced platelet-mediated placental inflammasome activation has been shown to cause preeclampsia-like symptoms in mice. However, the effect of EV-mediated placental thrombo-inflammation on trophoblast differentiation remains unknown. Here, we identify that the EV-induced thrombo-inflammatory pathway modulates trophoblast morphology and differentiation. EVs and platelets reduce syncytiotrophoblast differentiation while increasing giant trophoblast and spongiotrophoblast including the glycogen-rich cells. These effects are plateletdependent and mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. In humans, inflammasome activation was negatively correlated with trophoblast differentiation marker GCM1 and positively correlated with blood pressure. These data identify a crucial role of EV-induced placental thrombo-inflammation on altering trophoblast differentiation and suggest platelet activation or inflammasome activation as a therapeutic target in order to achieve successful placentation.

Hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation are tightly interconnected processes which may give rise to thrombo-inflammation, involved in infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Traditionally, due to its hemostatic role, blood coagulation is isolated from the inflammation, and its critical contribution in the progressing CVD is underrated, until the full occlusion of a critical vessel occurs. Underlying vascular injury exposes extracellular matrix to deposit platelets and inflammatory cells. Platelets being key effector cells, bridge all the three key processes (hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation) associated with thrombo-inflammation. Under physiological conditions, platelets remain in an inert state despite the proximity to the endothelium and other cells which are decorated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich glycocalyx (GAGs). A pathological insult to the endothelium results in an imbalanced blood coagulation system hallmarked by increased thrombin generation due to losses of anticoagulant and cytoprotective mechanisms, i.e., the endothelial GAGs enhancing antithrombin, tissue factor pathwayinhibitor (TFPI) and thrombomodulin-protein C system. Moreover, the loss of GAGs promotes the release of mediators, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and P-selectin, both locally on vascular surfaces and to circulation, further enhancing the adhesion of platelets to the affected sites. Platelet-neutrophil interaction and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps foster thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms exacerbating the cardiovascular disease course. Therefore, therapies which not only target the clotting mechanisms but simultaneously or independently convey potent cytoprotective effects hemming the inflammatory mechanisms are expected to provide clinical benefits. In this regard, we review the cytoprotective protease activated protein C (aPC) and its strong anti-inflammatory effects thereby preventing the ensuing thrombotic complications in CVD. Furthermore, restoring GAGlike vasculo-protection, such as providing heparin-proteoglycan mimetics to improve regulation of platelet and coagulation activity and to suppress of endothelial perturbance and leukocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, may provide a path to alleviate thrombo-inflammatory disorders in the future. The vascular tissue-modeled heparin proteoglycan mimic, antiplatelet and anticoagulant compound (APAC), dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant, is an injury-targeting and locally acting arterial antithrombotic which downplays collagen- and thrombin-induced and complement-induced activation and protects from organ injury.