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Es erfolgt eine Knochenstrukturanalyse der proximalen Tibia unter Berücksichtigung verschiedenster radiologischer, biomechanischer und histomorphometrischer Aspekte. Die regionen-, alters- und geschlechtsspezifischen Aspekte dieser Problemregion werden herausgearbeitet. Der eindeutige Nachweis einer regionen-abhängigen Verteilung der Knochendichte und der biomechanischen Eigenschaften in der proximalen Tibia ist eines der Hauptergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie. In der proximalen Tibia besteht eine signifikante Abnahme der Knochendichte von proximal nach distal. Im zentralen Bereich der proximalen Tibia besteht in allen Sektionen im Vergleich zu den anterior/posterior und medial/lateral liegenden Gebieten die niedrigste Knochendichte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die proximale Tibia in 3 Etagen (von proximal nach distal) unterteilt. Beim Vergleich der auf diesen Etagen aufgebrachten ROIs (region of interest,jeweils 5 in den beiden proximalen Etagen und 4 im distalen Abschnitt) zeigte sich in den beiden proximalen Etagen lateral (Ebene I anterolateral/ Ebene II posterolateral) die höchste Knochendichte. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich in der distalen Etage anteromedial die höchste Knochendichte. Weiterhin wurden die 3 gängigen Stabilisierungsverfahren für diese Region einer umfangreichen biomechanischen Testung unterzogen. Es zeigte sich, dass der Ilizarov Fixateur bei den verschiedensten Lastfällen meist das instabilste Implantat war. Trotz der biomechanischen Defizite konnten die in der klinischen Studie mit Composite Fixateur versorgten Frakturen trotz erheblichem Weichteilschaden und instabiler Fraktursituation zur Ausheilung gebracht werden. Das LIS-System erwies sich gegenüber der konventionellen Abstützplatte hinsichtlich der biomechanischen Steifigkeit sowohl in der statischen als auch in der zyklischen Testung als gleichwertiges oder sogar biomechanisch günstigeres Implantat. Diese positiven klinischen wie biomechanischen Erfahrungen führen auch zur Förderung der Entwicklung anderer winkelstabiler Fixateur interne-Systeme in den verschiedensten Problemregionen (Pilon tibiale, proximaler und distaler Humerus, distaler Radius). Als wesentliche neue Therapieansätze für das operative Vorgehen in der Problemregion der proximalen Tibia lassen sich die folgenden Gesichtspunkte herausarbeiten: 1) Knochendichteadaptierte Implantat- und Schraubenpositionierung bei der konventionellen Osteosynthese, 2) Knochendichteadaptierte Pin- und Olivendrahtpositionierung bei externen Fixationsverfahren (Ilizarovringfixateur, Fixateur externe) im Bereich der proximalen Tibia, 3) Implantatverbesserungen (LISS-Schraubenkonfiguration und -positionierung, Plattendesign, Umstellungsplatte, Verriegelungsbolzen bei Marknägeln wie UTN, PTN), 4) Prothesenverbesserung (knochendichteadaptiertes Zapfendesign mit 3 Zapfen für die tibiale Komponente). / In this study an analysis of the bone structure of the proximal tibia was performed with special attention paid to the different radiological, biomechanical and histomorphometrical aspects. Region-, age- and gender-specific attributes of the localised bone were also examined. Evidence of a region related variation of bone density and biomechanical behaviour is one of the main results of this study. In the proximal tibia, a significant reduction in the bone density exists from proximal to distal. In comparison to the anterior/posterior or medial/lateral areas, the lowest bone mineral densities were found in the central region. In this study the proximal tibia was divided into 3 different levels (from proximal to distal). When comparing the different regions of interest (ROIs) 5 each in the two proximal levels and 4 in the most distal level), the lateral regions (level 1 anterolateral/ level 2 posterolateral) presented the highest bone mineral density. In contrast, the highest bone density in the distal- level was detected in the anteromedial region. Furthermore, complex biomechanical testing of- 3 common fixation techniques for fracture situations of the proximal tibia was performed. It was shown that the Ilizarov fixator was the most unstable implant in several load tests. Despite this biomechanical deficit fractures treated by composite- fixators in different clinical trails healed uneventfully, even with severe soft tissue damage or an unstable fracture situation. In comparison to the conventional buttress plate, the LIS-System was an equal or superior implant, both in static and cyclic stiffness testing. These clinical and biomechanical experiences lead to the development of other angle stable internal fixator systems for different problematic regions (tibial plafond, proximal and distal humerus, distal radius). The following new therapeutic aspects were developed for the surgical treatment of the proximal tibia: 1) Bone mineral density adapted implant-and screw placement in conventional plating. 2) Bone density adapted pin- and olive wire placement during external fixation (ilizarov ring fixator, external fixator) techniques of the proximal tibia. 3) Improvement of implant design (LISS screw configuration and- placement, plate design, locking bolt configuration in nails). 4) Improvement of prosthetic design (bone density adapted design of the tibial components)

Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, asIntrodução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as porcentagens de consolidação foram de 100% no grupo Ilíaco e 91% no grupo PRP (p=0,440). Em relação ao tempo para consolidação não se observou diferença entre os grupos (p=0,129). Conclusão: Nas osteotomias proximais por cunha de adição medial a utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular óssea foi efetiva no que se refere à ocorrência de consolidação e no tempo necessário para a ocorrência de tal evento, quando estudamos e comparamos este enxerto ao enxerto autólogo do ilíaco / Introduction: The search for a bone substitute that makes unnecessary the harvest of autologous bone graft is a necessity of the orthopaedic surgeon. Bone marrow aspirate is rich in mesenquimal stem cells. The bone marrow aspirate contain mesenquimal stem cells that can differenciate in osteoblasts, being considered an osteogenic material. Platelet rich plasma contain several growth factors that have the capacity to promote and stimulate the differenciation of mesenquimal stem cells in osteoblasts improving the bone healing process, in other words platelet rich plasma has osteoinductive property. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of consolidation and the time taken to achieve this in cases of opening wedge osteotomy of the tibia, between autologous iliac grafts and platelet rich plasma with bone marrow aspirate. Methods: Twenty-five patients who underwent opening wedge osteotomy were studied. They were randomly divided into two groups: a control group of 14 patients wich received autologous iliac grafts and a study group of 11 patients wich received a compound of platelet rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate. Results: The consolidation rates achieved were 100% in the iliac group and 91% in the platelet-rich plasma group (p = 0.440). There was no difference in the time taken to achieve consolidation between the groups (p = 0.129). Conclusion: The use of platelet rich plasma with bone marrow aspirate as a bone substitute was shown to be effective in achieving consolidation in tibial osteotomies and in the time necessary to achieve this when compared to autologous iliac graft .

Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, asIntrodução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as Introdução: A busca por um substituto ósseo que faça prescindível a obtenção de enxerto autólogo é uma necessidade do cirurgião ortopédico. O aspirado de medular óssea possui células tronco do sistema mesenquimal capazes de se diferenciarem em osteoblastos, sendo assim considerado um material osteogênico. O plasma rico em plaquetas possui os chamados fatores plaquetários de crescimento, que possuem a capacidade de promover e estimular a diferenciação de células tronco do sistema mesenquimal em osteoblastos, acelerando o processo de consolidação óssea. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de consolidação e o tempo para tal nas osteotomias de cunha de abertura na tíbia, comparando o enxerto autólogo de ilíaco, ao plasma rico em plaquetas associado a medular óssea. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia tibial de cunha de abertura medial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma randomizada. O grupo controle formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com a utilização de enxerto autólogo do ilíaco, e o grupo de estudo formado por 11 pacientes submetidos à osteotomia com utilização de um composto de plasma rico em plaquetas e medular óssea. Resultados: Quanto à ocorrência de consolidação da osteotomia, as porcentagens de consolidação foram de 100% no grupo Ilíaco e 91% no grupo PRP (p=0,440). Em relação ao tempo para consolidação não se observou diferença entre os grupos (p=0,129). Conclusão: Nas osteotomias proximais por cunha de adição medial a utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular óssea foi efetiva no que se refere à ocorrência de consolidação e no tempo necessário para a ocorrência de tal evento, quando estudamos e comparamos este enxerto ao enxerto autólogo do ilíaco / Introduction: The search for a bone substitute that makes unnecessary the harvest of autologous bone graft is a necessity of the orthopaedic surgeon. Bone marrow aspirate is rich in mesenquimal stem cells. The bone marrow aspirate contain mesenquimal stem cells that can differenciate in osteoblasts, being considered an osteogenic material. Platelet rich plasma contain several growth factors that have the capacity to promote and stimulate the differenciation of mesenquimal stem cells in osteoblasts improving the bone healing process, in other words platelet rich plasma has osteoinductive property. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of consolidation and the time taken to achieve this in cases of opening wedge osteotomy of the tibia, between autologous iliac grafts and platelet rich plasma with bone marrow aspirate. Methods: Twenty-five patients who underwent opening wedge osteotomy were studied. They were randomly divided into two groups: a control group of 14 patients wich received autologous iliac grafts and a study group of 11 patients wich received a compound of platelet rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate. Results: The consolidation rates achieved were 100% in the iliac group and 91% in the platelet-rich plasma group (p = 0.440). There was no difference in the time taken to achieve consolidation between the groups (p = 0.129). Conclusion: The use of platelet rich plasma with bone marrow aspirate as a bone substitute was shown to be effective in achieving consolidation in tibial osteotomies and in the time necessary to achieve this when compared to autologous iliac graft .

Lower leg injury is an important issue in frontal car crash. Although safety in cars has been improved by developments such as seat belts and airbags, lower leg injuries have not been reduced. These injuries are not life threatening but can result in long term disability and cost a lot to society. This study focused on the passenger occupant in offset frontal crashes and aimed at understanding and finding ways to reduce the injury criteria for the lower leg: tibia index. A finite element model was simplified to introduce parameters which influence on tibia index was investigated with a multivariate analysis. The model simplification consisted in removing irrelevant parts and replacing other parts by simple foam blocks. More than 1300 simulations were run with different parameter values. The results were then analysed by calculating correlations and effects of the parameters on tibia index. It was concluded that the presence of a knee bolster decreased tibia index. The results also showed a decrease of tibia index when the toe pan was angled towards the legs of the passenger. Moreover, a correlation between tibia index and the movement of the feet during the crash was found. It was concluded that restrained lower legs also presented decreased tibia indices compared to unrestrained ones. Most of the results proved to be also valid on the initial, unsimplified finite element model. / Underbensskador är ofta förekommande vid frontalkrock. Även om fordonssäkerheten har förbättrats i och med utveckling av bland annat säkerhetsbälte och krockkudde, har antalet underbensskador inte minskat. Denna typ av skada är inte livshotande men kan resultera i långvariga besvär och kan leda till stora kostnader för samhället. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på passageraren vid frontalkrock (offset) och syftet var att skapa förståelse kring skadekriteriet för underben: tibia index, samt hitta lösningar på hur tibia index kan minskas. En finit elementmodell förenklades och parametrar introducerades. Parametrarnas påverkan på tibia index undersöktes med en multivariat analys. Modellen förenklades genom att eliminera några delar och ersätta andra delar med enkla block. Simuleringar med olika värden på parametrarna skapades och ungefär 1300 kördes. Värdena från simuleringarna analyserades genom att beräkna korrelation och effekt på tibia index. Resultaten visade att implementering av ett slags mjukt knäskydd påverkar tibia index positivt. De visade också att tibia index förbättrades när den främre delen av golvet vinklades mot passagerarens ben. Vidare, fanns en korrelation mellan tibia index och fötternas förflyttning under krockförloppet. Slutsatsen var att kontrollerade underben förbättrar tibia index i jämförelse med okontrollerade ben. De flesta resultaten stämde även för den ursprungliga modellen.

Le corps humain (adulte) est composé de 206 os (“Anatomy and Physiology | Simple Book Production” n.d.) qui sont des tissus denses et composent la majeure partie du squelette humain. Le squelette, étant hautement vascularisé, est l’endroit le plus communément affecté par le cancer métastatique (Coleman 1997). L’apparition de ces métastases osseuses fragilise l’os et peut provoquer des fractures pathologiques. Toutefois la prédiction de telles fractures est difficile et loin d’être automatique. Une possibilité pour créer un outil de diagnostic plus performant serait les simulations éléments finis (FEA en anglais pour « Finite Elements Analysis »). Des études ont montré que la FEA spécifique au patient était capable de surpasser l’expertise des cliniciens dans le cas d’étude ex vivo avec défauts osseux induits mécaniquement (dont Derikx et al. 2012). Les recherches portant sur le cancer osseux sont toutefois dur à mettre en place, les échantillons étant rare. De manière à contourner la difficulté de trouver des échantillons humains rarement disponibles, la souris a été utilisé comme modèle squelettique dans plusieurs cas, incluant la tenue mécanique d’os atteint de métastases ex vivo (Mann et al. 2008). Ainsi, de manière à pouvoir étudier l’implication du tissu métastatique dans la résistance globale de l’os sur échantillons réels, nous avons utilisé ce modèle animal pour créer des échantillons tumoraux.Notre but était double : premièrement, quantifier l’apport de la prise en compte des propriétés mécaniques de la métastase dans la résistance globale de l’os. Deuxièmement, statuer sur le fait qu’un modèle plus simple que celui proposé dans la littérature (reposant sur des propriétés purement élastiques plutôt qu’élasto-plastiques (Eggermont et al. 2018) pouvait permettre d’améliorer la prédiction de fractures pathologiques.Tout d’abord, les résultats obtenus avec nos modèles hétérogènes (ne prenant pas en compte la tumeur) ont montré une bonne consistance avec la littérature, la corrélation entre tous les modèles hétérogènes (n=43 pattes) quant à la fracture simulée et expérimentale étant du même ordre de grandeur que celles d’une étude analogue menée sur vertèbres de souris (Nyman et al. 2015). Ensuite, le modèle prenant en compte les propriétés des tumeurs n’as pas permis d’améliorer la prédiction de fracture, au contraire, la moyenne des différences de ces modèles étant de 30±21% (n=11 pattes tumorales) contre 12±9% (n=43 pattes). De plus le modèle spécifique (prenant en compte le module des tumeurs) étant plus difficile à obtenir que le modèle hétérogène (ne nécessitant pas de segmentation entre os et tumeur), le premier ne semble pas être judicieux dans la prédiction de fracture d’os long présentant des lyses osseuses. Enfin, un critère de détection reposant sur la différence entre valeurs de forces ultimes globale et locale a permis de détecter la majorité des instabilités mécaniques constatées dans cette étude (sensibilité de 85% et spécificité de 100%). Un autre critère, basé sur le ratio entre poids des individus et la force ultime locale prédite via FEA a permis de correctement diagnostiquer l’ensemble des cas (100% de sensibilité et de spécificité). Ce résultat pourrait s’avérer être d’une grande aide quant à la prise de décision d’intervention chirurgicale dans le cas d’os long atteints de métastases osseuses. Bien sûr, avant cela la route à parcourir reste longue, ce résultat devant d’abord être confirmé cliniquement (possiblement en ayant recours à l’étude d’un cohorte rétrospective, comme cela a déjà pu être fait dans d’autres études (Eggermont et al. 2018). Cette étude vient d’être initiée dans le cas du projet MEKANOS (étude multicentrique en France) porté par le Professeur Cyrille Confavreux (rhumatologue) / The human body (adult) is composed of 206 bones ("Anatomy and Physiology | Simple Book Production" n.d.) that are dense tissues and make up the bulk of the human skeleton. The skeleton, being highly vascularized, is the most commonly affected site for metastatic cancer (Coleman 1997). The development of these bone metastases weakens the bone and can cause pathological fractures. However, the prediction of such fractures is difficult and far from automatic. One possibility for creating a more powerful diagnostic tool would be finite element simulations (FEA). Studies have shown that patient-specific FEA is able to surpass the expertise of clinicians in the case of ex vivo studies with mechanically induced bone defects (including Derikx et al., 2012). Research on bone cancer, however, is hard to put in place as samples are rare. In order to overcome the difficulty of finding human samples that are rarely available, the mouse has been used as a skeletal model in several cases, including the mechanical resistance of bones with ex vivo metastases (Mann et al., 2008). Thus, in order to study the involvement of metastatic tissue in the overall bone resistance of real samples, we used this animal model to create tumor samples. Our goal was twofold: first, to quantify the contribution of taking into account the mechanical properties of metastasis in the overall resistance of the bone. Secondly, to see if a simpler model than that proposed in the literature (based on purely elastic rather than elastoplastic properties (Eggermont et al., 2018) could improve the prediction of pathological fractures. First, the results obtained with our heterogeneous models (not taking tumor into account) showed a good consistency with the literature, the correlation between all the heterogeneous models (n = 43 legs) regarding the agreement of simulated and experimental fracture were of the same order of magnitude as a similar study conducted on mouse vertebrae (Nyman et al., 2015). Then, the model taking into account the properties of the tumors did not make it possible to improve the fracture prediction. The average of the differences of models taking tumor into account being of 30 ± 21% (n = 11 tumor limbs) against 12 ± 9% (n = 43 limbs). In addition, the specific model (taking into account the modulus of the tumors) being more difficult to obtain than the heterogeneous model (not requiring segmentation between bone and tumor), the first does not seem to be a wise choice in the prediction of long bone fracture presenting bone lysis. Finally, a detection criterion based on the difference between global and local ultimate force values made it possible to detect the majority of the mechanical instabilities observed in this study (sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%). Another criterion, based on the ratio between individual weights and the local ultimate force predicted via FEA, made it possible to correctly diagnose all cases (100% sensitivity and specificity). This result could prove to be of great help in making surgical decision making in the case of long bone with bone metastases. Of course, before that, the road ahead is long, this result having to be clinically confirmed first (possibly through the study of a retrospective cohort, as has already been done in other studies (Eggermont et al., 2018). This study has just been initiated in the case of the project MEKANOS (multicenter study in France) led by Professor Cyrille Confavreux (rheumatologist)

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007 144 leaves / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of TENS, versus, needling, versus Electro-needling in the treatment of MTSS. First objective The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS therapy on MTSS with respect to the patients subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Second Objective The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of needling therapy on MTSS, with respect to the patient’s subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Third Objective The third objective was to evaluate the effects of electro-needling on MTSS, with respect to the patients’ subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Fourth Objective The fourth objective was to integrate the subjective and objective data collected in order to determine the viability of each of the therapies in comparison to one another as treatment options of MTSS.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept.of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003 / Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Type II (MTSS), otherwise known as shin splints, accounts for approximately 13% of injuries in American runners. Van Mechelen (1992) reported that 37-57% of recreational runners experience an injury over the course of a year, from which 54-75% of all injuries are caused by overuse. The American Medical Association defines shin splints as “pain and discomfort in the leg from repetitive activity on hard surfaces, or due to forceful, excessive use of foot flexors. The diagnosis should be limited to musculoskeletal inflammations excluding stress fractures and ischemic disorders.” (Thacker et al., 2002) Treatment protocols vary from biomechanical interventions (orthotics), to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and modalities such as ultrasound all with varying degrees of success (Noakes, 2001). Apart from therapeutic interventions it is the overriding symptom of pain, which patients are left with (Noakes, 2001). A therapeutic intervention called periosteal pecking has received increased interest with regards to symptomatic treatment of shin splints. Periosteal pecking is a form of *dry needling in which the tip of the needle contacts the periosteum (Raso,1997). The aim of this study is to establish the effect of periosteal pecking in the clinical setting with and against that of an established intervention, namely therapeutic ultrasound.

A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007. / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of TENS, versus, needling, versus Electro-needling in the treatment of MTSS. First objective The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS therapy on MTSS with respect to the patients subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Second Objective The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of needling therapy on MTSS, with respect to the patient’s subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Third Objective The third objective was to evaluate the effects of electro-needling on MTSS, with respect to the patients’ subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Fourth Objective The fourth objective was to integrate the subjective and objective data collected in order to determine the viability of each of the therapies in comparison to one another as treatment options of MTSS. / M

Background Running is a popular form of exercise that more than 55 million Americans actively participate. Endurance running like marathon and half- marathon is getting increasingly popular among active runners. Although the effect of running is considered beneficial to bone health, the direct relationship between strains and strain gradients occurred during long distance running and bone changes is still not clear. Especially, given a high rate of injury associated with the first-time marathon, understanding the direct effect of strain stimuli on bone health is an important issue. Based on the previous studies, we hypothesized that the higher values of strain will induce bone adaptation more effectively and will lead to higher bone osteogenic changes. Since osteocytes sense shear stress caused by the interstitial fluid flow, which is created by the deformations, and regulate activities of osteoblasts and osteoclast that govern bone adaptation, we also hypothesized that the local strain gradient will create pressure differences within the interstitial fluid network and will increase fluid flow. Furthermore, due to that increased fluid flow, the regions with the higher strain gradient will experience a higher amount of bone adaptation. Thus, in this study, our purpose was to define the effect of the strains and strain gradients on bone changes within distal tibia, which is the most prone anatomical site to low risk stress fracture, during training for first-time marathon. Methods High-resolution and low-resolution computed tomographic (CT) images of the distal tibia were obtained before and after a self-selected training from runners who were actively training to participate in their first-time marathon in the next calendar year. The low resolution scan covered a 69.864 mm length of the distal end of the tibia while the high resolution CT scan covered a 9.02 mm region of the distal tibia. Using low resolution CT image based subject specific finite element (FE) models, the strains and strain gradients of the distal tibia at the instance of the peak ground reaction force (GRF) were calculated. The baseline and follow-up high resolution CT scans were used in high resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HRpQCT) analysis and the estimation of bone changes over the training period. Finally, the effect of strains and strain gradients on the distal tibia bone changes was estimated based on the FE model driven strain values and HRpQCT analysis driven bone changes. We used a linear mixed model to define the relationship between strain values and bone changes in the distal tibia. Results The strain values that occurred during marathon training had significant effects on bone changes in the distal tibia. Particularly, the strain gradients showed a higher effect than the strains. In the cortical compartment, the strain gradients, which were calculated as a strain difference of a node from the surrounding nodes (Strain Gradient-1), affected the bone mineral density (BMD) negatively, and per 1000 µε increase resulted in 2.123% decrease in the cortical BMD. The strain gradients, which were calculated as a strain difference of a node from the surrounding nodes normalized to distance to surrounding nodes (Strain Gradient-2), presented a positive effect on the cortical bone volume with a slope of 4.335% / 1000 µε. In the trabecular compartment, the strain gradient-1 showed negative effects on the percent change in BMD and bone mineral density (BMC), whereas the strain gradient-2 showed positive effects on the percent change in BMD and BMC. Conclusion The linear mixed model analysis revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationship between strain gradients that occurred during running and distal tibia bone changes. The strains, biometrics, and initial parameters of bone did not show any significant effect on the bone changes. The connection between local strain environment and bone changes in the distal tibia investigated in this study is an important step to understand the mechanism of mechanically induced bone adaptation.