<p>For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N^® or 35N LT^®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body.</p><p>In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H₂O₂, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</p><p>The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT^® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H₂O₂. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to formation of a highly resistive surface oxide film. Whereas the rough TiN coated Ta exhibits desirable electrochemical performance for pacemaker electrodes. The addition of H₂O₂in the PBS has a large influence on the electrochemical behaviour of Ta, but the influence is small on the rough TiN coated Ta. </p>

Orientador: Olivio Novaski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_Robsonde_M.pdf: 2931963 bytes, checksum: b31c2bc8d3db8a81c83a498c961b4717 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Graças a suas propriedades mecânicas e a boa resistência à corrosão, os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos representam aproximadamente 70% de todo o aço inoxidável produzido. O aço ABNT 304 tem excelente resistência à corrosão, alta resistência ao ataque de agentes corrosivos e possui boa tenacidade em baixas temperaturas. A condutibilidade térmica, todavia, corresponde a ¼ do aço ao carbono, tanto que o calor gerado durante a usinagem não é transferido ao material ou aos cavacos e sim se concentra na aresta de corte, e a alta tenacidade dos mesmos torna difícil sua saída devido ao alongamento. O mecanismo de encruamento, que é um fenômeno que acontece próximo da aresta de corte, piora a usinabilidade do aço inoxidável. O aço inoxidável, com controle metalúrgico das inclusões e adição de cálcio, é apresentado como uma alternativa, em termos de usinagem, sem perda de resistência à corrosão. O presente trabalho compara, por meio do processo de furação, a usinabilidade do aço ABNT 304 com o aço similar, V304 UF, com adição de cálcio e controle de inclusões. Foram utilizadas brocas de aço rápido recobertas com TiN nos dois diferentes aços com velocidades de corte diferentes para avaliar o efeito da adição de cálcio na usinabilidade. A possível formação da camada protetiva na superfície da ferramenta de aço rápido com revestimento de TiN foi encontrada. Após testes de usinagem, a presença de cálcio e elementos de liga na superfície da ferramenta foi constatada usando a análise por difração de raios X. Com as análises dos resultados obtidos na medição da força de avanço, momento de torção e vida da ferramenta, fica evidente afirmar que a usinabilidade do aço inoxidável Villares 304 UF foi superior / Abstract: Thanks to its mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance embraced, the austenitic stainless steels represent about 70% of all kind stainless steel produced. The ABNT 304 steel has excellent corrosion resistance the in the environment, high resistance to attack of corrosive agents and keep good tenacity in low temperatures. Unfortunately the of heat conduction is about ¼ that of regular steel, so much of the heat generated during machining is not transferred to the work material or the chips and concentrate on the cutting edge, and high malleability that indicates softness and tenacity makes chip evacuation difficult due to chip elongation. Yet the work hardening, a phenomenon that occurs near the cutting edge gives poor machinability to the stainless steel. The stainless steel with metallurgical control of the inclusions and calcium addition is presented as alternative, without loss of corrosion resistance. The present work compares the machinability of ABNT 304 steel with the similar steel, Villares 304 UF, with calcium addition using the drilling process. HSS TiN coated twisted drills had been used in the two different steels with different cutting speeds to evaluate the effect of the calcium addition in the machinability. The possible formation of a protective layer on the surface the tool of TiNcoated HSS was found. After cutting tests, the enrichment of calcium and alloying elements in the surface of the tool was studied using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The feed force, torsion moment and tool life measured allow to explain the upper machinability of the stainless steel Villares 304 UF / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to formation of a highly resistive surface oxide film. Whereas the rough TiN coated Ta exhibits desirable electrochemical performance for pacemaker electrodes. The addition of H2O2 in the PBS has a large influence on the electrochemical behaviour of Ta, but the influence is small on the rough TiN coated Ta. / QC 20101122

Carbon fibre reinforced composites are known for their high specific strength-to-weight ratio and are of great interest to the aerospace industry. Incorporating these materials into the fuselage, like in Boeing's 787 "Dreamliner", offers considerable weight reduction which increases flying efficiency, and reduces the cost of flying. In flight, aircraft are often subject to lightning strikes which, in the case of composites, can result in localized melting given the high resistive nature of the material. Aerospace carbon fibre composites often incorporate a metallic mesh or foil within the composite layers to dissipate the electrical charge through the large aircraft. The damage to the aircraft is minimized but not always eliminated. This research aims to elaborate a practical technique to deposit thin layers of conductive material on the surface of aerospace grade composites. Using Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS), such coatings could be used to repair damaged components. An experimental research approach was used to develop metallic coated composites. Using the CGDS equipment of Centerline (SST-P), specific parameters (such as gas temperature and stagnation pressure) were determined for each type of metallic coating (tin-based & copper-based). The use of bond coats was explored in order to attain the desired coatings. Once optimized, these coatings were evaluated with respect to their corrosive, adhesive, and electrical properties following industry standards.