Fifteen nonsmoking and fifteen smoking females 19 to 36 years of age were evaluated on measures of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), jitter, shimmer, and speaking fundamental frequency (F0). The results indicated that: 1) there is a significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of SNR, mean, and maximum F0 and, 2) there is no significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of jitter, shimmer and minimum F0 . The SNR was found to be a powerful tool which is capable of distinguishing subtle vocal characteristics between the subject groups. It would appear that cigarette smoking may have an impact on the voice before distinct laryngeal pathologies are present.

Cigarette smoke condensates from all cigarettes tested were found to be potent inducers of AHH enzyme in cultured human lymphocytes and, with the exception of Kent Lights and Carlton CSC's, all were found to be toxic under the experiment conditions. Most of the AHH inducing activity was found in basic and neutral fractions of the lAl standard cigarettes. A radiometric assay of BP metabolites in cultured human lymphocytes was developed in which we were able to separate the primary metabolites and the secondary metabolites from the parent compound (BP) by neutral alumnia HPLC. The primary metabolites were further separated by a selective enzyme hydrolysis and/or reverse phase HPLC.

No description available.

The Health Belief Model developed by Becker ( 1984) cited in Katzenellenbogen et al. ( 1999) guided this study. The model attempts to identify beliefs and the way they may interact to influence individuals' conscious decisions to undertake certain healthrelated actions. "The most important health beliefs that influence actions are thought to be: • The person's perceived vulnerability to a particular condition or illness, • The person' s perceptions of the severity or effects of the condition or illness, • The Person's perception of the efficacy, costs, and benefits of any proposed actions" (Katzenellenbogen, joubert & Karim, 1999: 169). The three points mentioned above guided systematically the whole study as follows: 1. The students' perceived vulnerability to a particular cond ition or illness in this case guided the researcher to describe and to understand students' personal perceptions of the risk of diseases they run by smoking or that they can cause to other people in their surroundings. It was also necessary to find out whether or not non-smokers were aware of the consequences in terms of diseases of being permanently exposed to tobacco smoke. 2. Once smokers as well as non-smokers have agreed that smoking increases the risk of diseases, the following step was to ensure whether or not they continue to neglect and run the same risk. because smoking consequences occur only after a long period of time. 3. The last step was to ensure that students who smoked could actually accept and put into practices some available strategies for giving up smoking. after being sensitised or on their own initiative, in order to remain in good health. / Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

M.A. (Psychology) / The study of behavioural toxicology was started in 1972 with the Port Pirie Cohort study and therefor a relative young field. Little information is available about the effect of cigarette smoke, containing the toxic substance carbon monoxide, on the neurocognitive functioning of children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbon monoxide has an effect on the neurocognitive functioning of children, more specifically as it relates to school performance. A group of school children was selected in the Vaal Triangle area who were sUbjected to a large quantity of cigarette smoke during the day and a group of children was selected who had no contact with any cigarette smoke during the day. The results of these groups were compared. From the results obtained it appears that cigarette smoke, would have a negative neurocognitive functioning of the children.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Background: Globally, cigarette smoking is causing preventable deaths in developing countries affecting especially the youth. Historically, cigarette smoking is known to be more common among adults but is also becoming common among students. Purpose: The study aimed to investigate factors contributing to cigarette smoking and its health consequences amongst students of the University of Venda in South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach using a descriptive cross- sectional design was adopted. Convenience sampling was used to randomly select 428 respondents. A self-reporting questionnaire with closed ended questions was administered to respondents between the ages of 17-40 years who suited the inclusion criteria. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and presented in the form of tables and charts. Pearson’s chi squares were used to test significant relationships between variables and smoking status. Results: A total of 407 students participated in the study. Of the 407, 208 (51%) of respondents were female students. The mean age of the study population was 24 years. Of these 407, 175(43%) reported being smokers 232 (57%) were nonsmokers. More smokers were observed among the male respondents and registered for first and second years. There was a significant relationship between age, gender, religion, school of affiliation, amount of pocket money and smoking status (P-value=0.05).The results showed that the majority of the respondents285 (70%) agreed to the belief that students smoked cigarettes due to availability of cigarettes at every corner of the campus, 281 (79%) peer influenced by friends 289 (71%) family members who smoke, and 313 (76.8%)increase social interaction. The majority of the students were knowledgeable about health consequences caused by smoking. Nonsmoking students were more knowledgeable about harmful effects of smoking as compared to smokers (P=0.00. Conclusion: The study concludes that students smokes cigarettes due to being a friend with someone who smokes, being in new a environment, stress, depression, observation of other students smoking, no signage prohibiting smoking and lack of knowledge regarding health / NRF