Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African tobacco industry forms an integral part of the South African economy and has developed over the years to an industry that contributed a lot to the wealth of this country. This is evident from the industries' contribution to exports,job creation, state income, the upliftment of people, advertising, sponsorship, and the representation of capital investment in South Africa as a developing country. With the 1994 elections democracy as well as a new government was established in South Africa. Prior to this event, tobacco control was just a fantasy. The Apartheid government prior to 1994 was too involved and dependant on the tobacco industry that it avoids doing anything that may influence state income or the lost of job opportunities. In developed countries like the USA, Canada and Australia, anti-tobacco activities to reduce smoking existed a long time already and had a major influence on the different countries' tobacco industries. This anti-tobacco activities are the result of health studies published during the 1960's to show the correlation between smoking and health care. The main driving force behind these anti-tobacco activities are international anti-tobacco organisations, the World Health Organisation and the World Bank. The Wold Health Organisation and the World Bank have put a lot of pressure on the South African government to introduce restrictive measures to reduce tobacco consumption, which raised the question of what impact it will have on the tobacco industry of South Africa. This study attempts to analyse the impact of restrictive measurements on the South African tobacco industry and it's strategy. This study starts off with investigating the development of the opposition against smoking by focussing on case studies of the USA, Canada and Australia. The impact of tobacco control on the different countries tobacco consumption is analysed, which is followed by an investigation into the income of the different countries tobacco companies and their strategies that they followed to be still successful. The development of anti-smoking in South Africa and the effect of tobacco control on the tobacco industry has been analysed by focussing on agricultural, the advertising industry, the hospitality industry and the manufacturing sector. The conclusion has been reached that the effect of governments maintaining of its tobacco control policy has resulted in a considerable decline in tobacco consumption in South Africa. This made tobacco companies realise that, in order to survive, it is important to either join forces. Some industries were severally affected by the enforcement of the new tobacco laws, especially in the field of income and job opportunities. Tobacco farmers were less affected, but it does not imply that they have stop farming. Job opportunity in the manufacturing sector has improved, but its future trends will be determined by the effectiveness of tobacco control on the reduction of tobacco consumption. The researcher's recommendation is that, there must be a closer co-operation between the government and the tobacco industry of South Africa. The tobacco industries have to focus more on the immerging markets abroad. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie is integraal 'n deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie en het oor die jare ontwikkel tot 'n industrie wat baie tot welvaart van hierdie land bygedra het. Dit word weerspieël in die industrie se aandeel in uitvoere, werkverskaffing, staatsinkomste, ophef van mense, reklame, borgskappe en verteenwoordiging van kapitaalbeleggings in Suid-Afrika as ontwikkelende land. Met die 1994-verkiesing is demokrasie tesame met 'n nuwe regering in Suid-Afrika gevestig. Tot voor hierdie gebeurtenis was tabakbeheer net 'n verbeeldingsvlug. Die Apartheidsregering van voor 1994 was te betrokke by en afhanklik van die tabakindustrie dat dit enigiets wou doen wat moontlik staatsinkomste kon beinvloed of wat tot die verlies aan werksgeleenthede kon lei. In ontwikkelde lande soos die VSA, Kanada en Australië is anti-rookaktiwiteite en maatreëls om rook te beperk, allankreeds 'n bekende verskynsel wattaamlike invloed op die verskillende lande se tabakindustrieë het. Hierdie anti-rookaktiwiteite is die gevolg van gepubliseerde gesondheidstudies wat gedurende die sestigerjare oor die korrelasie tussen rook en gesondheidsorg gedoen is. Die hoof dryfvere van hierdie maatreëls is internasionale anti-tabakgroepe, die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en die Wêreldbank. Die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en die Wêreldbank het druk op die Suid- Afrikaanse regering geplaas om beperkende wetgewing ter verlaging van tabakverbruik in te voer, wat die vraag laat ontstaan het, in welke mate die Suid- Afrikaanse tabakindustrie daardeur geraak sou word. Hierdie studie poog om die impak van beperkende wetgewing op die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie en hul strategie te ontleed. Die studie neem aanvang deur eers ondersoek in te stel na die ontwikkeling van teenkanting teen rook deur op gevallestudies van die VSA, Kanada en Australië te fokus. Die impak van tabakbeheer op die verskillende lande se tabakverbruik is ontleed, waarna ondersoek in gestel is na die inkomste van die verskillende lande se tabakmaatskappye en die strategieë wat hulle gevolg het om nogtans suksesvol te wees. Die ontwikkeling van teenkanting in Suid-Afrika en die rol wat tabakbeheer op tabakverbruik en die tabakindustrie speel is ontleed deur op vier sektore, naamlik die landbou; die advertensiewese en borgskappe; die gasvryheidindustrie en die vervaardigingsektor te fokus. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die Regering se volgehoue tabakbeheerbeleid 'n duidelike afname in die verbruik van tabakprodukte in Suid- Afrika tot gevolg het. Dit het tabakmaatskappye laat besef dat, ten einde te oorleef, dit belangrik is om eerder kragte saam te snoer. Sommige sektore is erg geraak deur die toepassing van die nuwe tabakmaatreëls, veral met betrekking tot werksgeleenthede en inkomste. Tabakboere is minder geraak, maar dit beteken nie hulle het noodwendig ophou boer nie. Werksgeleenthede in die vervaardigingsektor het verbeter, maar die toekomstige tendens op die terrein is afhanklik van die effektiwiteit van tabakbeheer op die vermindering van tabakverbruik. Die navorser beveel aan dat daar 'n nouer samewerking tussen die regering en die tabakindustrie moet wees en dat die tabakindustrie meer op die ontluikende buitelandsemarkte moet fokus.

Submitted in full fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF COMMERCE (Marketing) at the UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND 2015 / With an increase in the concern over the harmful effects of smoking traditional tobacco cigarettes, there has been an increase in the use of a smoking alternative considered to be a healthier option, namely the e-cigarette. Thus, it is of interest to understand certain factors surrounding the novelty, and this research has been conducted in terms of evaluating the predictors of the diffusion of innovations on consumer resistance towards the e-cigarette among South African university students, with the primary purpose being to research a gap in the South African e-cigarette market, and to utilise the results to better understand the overall market. The gap in prior research has been identified as what appears to be a lack of information regarding the South African e-cigarette market, and in particular, the predictors of consumer resistance, including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability, and perceived risk. The study undertook a quantitative methodology in which 400 students from the University of the Witwatersrand were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS for structural equation modelling. The results indicate that three of the six hypotheses are supported. Thus, indicating that marketers should focus on applying relative advantage, complexity, and perceived risk to marketing strategies. This study contributes to existing literature and contextual knowledge regarding consumer resistance and the diffusion of innovation. The results further provide marketing practitioners with a better understanding on how to limit consumer resistance and how to improve product diffusion of the e-cigarette, subsequently improving the rate of adoption. However, future research is necessary for corroboration. / MT2017