published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Youth tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that there is an association between exposure to anti-smoking advertising and youth smoking prevalence. Anti-smoking advertising can be used as an important tobacco control measure to prevent youth smoking. The objectives of this review mainly focus on evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking, analyzing the influential factors that may affect the effectiveness. 4 main databases, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Google Scholar were included for literature searching, as well as the reference lists, and 483 related articles were found initially. After restricted by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included for analysis ultimately. According to this review, the influential factors included the exposure rate, sponsor, promotion approaches and the theme of anti-smoking advertising. Those factors have significant effects on youth’s smoking behavior and smoking prevalence. Non-tobacco industry sponsored, high exposure rate, the theme of negative life circumstance and using humor as a vehicle to deliver anti-smoking messages can be effective in reducing the smoking rate among youth. However, the methods used in the included articles were uneven, and the mechanism of the anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking is still unclear, further research should be conducted. The results of this review can still have some instructions to policy-makers on formulating tobacco control measures in the future, especially the anti-smoking program. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Background: Smoking has long been one of the principal causes for morbidity and mortality and is ranked as the third leading cause for preventable health deaths in the world, posting serious threat to public health. Most smokers start smoking during adolescence. Adolescence describes teenagers aged 13-19 years old which can be considered as the transitional period from childhood to adulthood, about 88% of adult smokers who smoke daily started their smoking behavior by age of 18 years old and 68.2% of smokers started smoking below age of 20 in Hong Kong. Therefore, there is an urgent need to direct the public health effort towards the prevention of smoking in adolescents. It has been found that family has important influences on smoking behavior among adolescents. Objective: The objective of this review is to examine the effect of family influences on adolescents smoking behavior, particularly the association of parenting style, parental smoking and adolescent smoking behavior. Methods: he online databases PsycINFO, Medline and EMBASE were searched by using keywords “adolescents smoking” or “youth smoking” and “family influence” or “parental influence”. The last search was done on 10th August, 2013. Total 13 English articles, of which 10 were cross-sectional studies and 3 were longitudinal studies, were included in this review. Results: Literature showed authoritative parenting style could reduce the risk of smoking among adolescents; all studies showed authoritative parenting style, disapproval to smoke with higher level of parental monitoring could reduce risk of regular smoking behavior among adolescents. On the other hand, results from articles examining the association of parental smoking and smoking behavior among their children were almost homogenous. Adolescents who lived with smoking parents were more likely to initiate the smoking behavior compared to those with non-smoking family members. Meanwhile, studies showed adolescents from single-parent families were more likely to smoke when compared with those came from complete family. A negative association between single parent and daily smoking was observed among the adolescents. Conclusion: Future campaigns on smoking prevention should increase the involvement of family members, encourage parents to quit smoking and act as role model to their children; parents are suggested to practice authoritative parenting which will increase the acceptance of adolescents to their rules and suggestions and thus, avoid them from smoking. On the other hand, adolescents from single-parents are more likely to attain smoking and should increase awareness. More local researches, with randomized control trial studies, are needed in the future to examine family influences that fit the situation in Hong Kong. The aim of campaign is to further decrease smoking prevalence in adolescents. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Objectives: To investigate the association between tobacco taxation and changes in tobacco consumption among adults. To synthesis the evidence regarding differential effect of tax on smoking in adults. From this review, some policy suggestions would be obtained to enhance the effectiveness of tobacco control. Methods and Results: Relevant studies published between 2008 and 2013 were searched and identified through PubMed, ISI web of knowledge and economics databases of IDEAS with combination of key words. Studies regarding the association between tobacco taxation and changes of smoking prevalence were included in this review. 162 articles were identified, 8 studies were found to be relevant with in this systematic review. All the studies were conducted in different areas with different sample size, study design, and outcome measurements. The results from these studies presented the negative association between tobacco taxation and smoking prevalence among adults. Based on the previous studies analyzed above, the reduction of tobacco use was varied by different prices increase according to the observational studies using the statistic analyze or modeling. Conclusion: Tobacco taxation has been proved to the most effectiveness approach to lower the prevalence of tobacco consumption among populations, which could reduce the adverse health outcome to relieve disease burden and increase government revenues as well. The tobacco tax policy should based on their national conditions, otherwise, the effectiveness of reduction tobacco consumption would decrease due to unsuitable implementation. / published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

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The prevalence of smoking among individuals living with mental illness is high. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, confidence, attitudes, training, nursing practice, perceived overall ability, interest and demographics of psychiatric/mental health nurses regarding tobacco use among psychiatric inpatients. A non-experimental descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. Sixty surveys were returned with an overall response rate of 39%. A minority of nurses were knowledgeable about the “5As” of smoking cessation, (Ask about smoking, Advise to quit, Assess readiness to quit, Assist with quitting, Arrange follow-up), a well known intervention framework. Most psychiatric/mental health nurses were confident about assisting patients with tobacco use and attitudes toward intervention were more positive than reported in the literature. However, actual tobacco-related nursing practice was sub-optimal. Minimal tobacco-related training during entry level into nursing practice may be one reason for this situation. Nurses require systemic support to enhance tobacco-related nursing practice.

The prevalence of smoking among individuals living with mental illness is high. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, confidence, attitudes, training, nursing practice, perceived overall ability, interest and demographics of psychiatric/mental health nurses regarding tobacco use among psychiatric inpatients. A non-experimental descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. Sixty surveys were returned with an overall response rate of 39%. A minority of nurses were knowledgeable about the “5As” of smoking cessation, (Ask about smoking, Advise to quit, Assess readiness to quit, Assist with quitting, Arrange follow-up), a well known intervention framework. Most psychiatric/mental health nurses were confident about assisting patients with tobacco use and attitudes toward intervention were more positive than reported in the literature. However, actual tobacco-related nursing practice was sub-optimal. Minimal tobacco-related training during entry level into nursing practice may be one reason for this situation. Nurses require systemic support to enhance tobacco-related nursing practice.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1970. / Bibliography: leaves [144]-155. / ix, 155 l tables

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 227 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-195).