The study refers to the issue of cross-cultural transfer of internationally initiated health promotion and tobacco control policies. It explores the process of cross-cultural policy transfer, analyses the difficulties, proposes methods to overcome them, and tests the approach in Bulgaria. Generally focused on international health promotion policies as a broad area of study, the work particularly concentrates on tobacco control policies as a more concrete and specific subject of investigation. Completion of a short piece of cross-national comparative policy transfer research, based on two case studies - the UK as a donor of policy and Bulgaria as a recipient location - is used to assist designing an empirical investigation that develops and tests an approach for strengthening the process of cross-cultural transfer. The Hofstede Model of National Cultures is used as a guiding tool to describe and classify the different cultures of the two countries, and to assess the cultural constraints and possibilities for transfer. The results confirm the hypothesis that through contextual interpretation of international health promotion policy language, and its specification to the cultural patterns of Bulgaria, we can increase the acceptability and assure greater effectiveness in communicating those health promotion messages. The findings indicate the need for culturally specific language interpretation and adaptation of global policies if they are to become understandable and applicable to specific cultural contexts. They help to address the question: "How can the main concepts and issues inherent in western developed health promotion policies be translated into the language of countries having different cultural patterns?" The main theme of this research has not been explored so far in Bulgaria and it is also a rather new topic for international policy research. The findings might assist the process of improving cross-cultural policy formulation and help to overcome the difficulties in cross-cultural policy transfer. The study takes into account the dynamic developments within Bulgaria as it prepares for European integration as a pre-Accession country; and its findings could assist in negotiations within public health policy. The work could also have some major applications on a wider policy basis. It might also be of particular importance for countries not in the western group within Europe and which are socio-culturally different. Some implications can also be considered for the process of accession to the EU. The Union is now expanding and is challenged by great cultural diversity, both across Europe and within the individual states. Accession countries like Bulgaria have to adapt now to international and European policies and principles, which cannot be directly translated into the language of many countries. The methodology developed here should assist the adaptation of international policy items into a language that is culturally specific for the country and the sub-national levels, and thus improve the implementation of European policies in particular localities.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Technikon Natal, 2001. / The purpose of this double blind placebo controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of a homoeopathic complex (Avena sativa 03, Ignatia amara 04, Daphne indica 06, Nux vomica 06, Caladium seguinum 060, Nicotinum 060 and Nicotiana tabacum 060) in helping people to stop smoking with reference to the Goldstein typology of cigarette smokers in terms of the number of cigarettes smoked per day / M

Regional pulmonary blood flow and volume was measured in ten rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). Tracheostomy was performed and catheters were placed into the jugular vein and carotid artery. The cardiac ⁹⁹mtc output was measured using the indicator-dilution technique using Tc labelled RBC followed by an injection of radiolabelled macroaggregates (MAA) to mark regional blood flow. Measurements were made both before and after either exposure to cigarette smoke (3 cigarettes for ten minutes at 4 puffs/minute) or sham exposure to air. The animals were sacrificed and the lungs were removed with the vessels tied. The lungs were then inflated and rapidly frozen over liquid nitrogen. The lungs were sampled into slices by vertical height, each slice was further sampled and then gamma counted for the injected isotopes. Regional pulmonary blood flow was calculated by setting the total lung MAA counts for each MAA equal to the cardiac output so that the sample flow was calculated as the fraction of sample counts to total counts times the cardiac output. The blood volume was marked by the labelled RBC and RBC transit was calculated as blood volume (ml) divided by blood flow (ml/sec). In a second series of experiments (N=10) , ⁵¹Cr PMN were injected as a bolus along with ⁹⁹mtc RBC in an indicator-dilution run. Following the injection of the cells, the blood flow was marked with MAAs and then the same sham or smoke treatments were given as in the previous experiments. At the end of ten minutes, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were processed the same as before. Regional PMN retention was calculated as the [formula omitted]. The data show that smoke exposure increased pulmonary blood volume (p<.01), pulmonary transit time (p<C.05) and the ratio of lung blood volume to central blood volume (p <C-05) without changing central blood volume or cardiac output. Smoke exposure also caused a redistribution of blood flow from upper to lower lung regions (p <C-05). This lengthened the regional RBC transit times in all regions but particularly in the upper zones. These changes in RBC transit had no effect on PMN retention. We conclude that acute smoke exposure lengthens the RBC transit through the pulmonary circulation by increasing blood volume and redistributing blood flow. This change in red cell behavior was not associated with a consistent change in PMN retention in the lungs. / Medicine, Faculty of / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of / Graduate

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Negative urgency, defined as a tendency to act rashly under extreme negative emotion, is strongly associated with tobacco use. Despite the robust cross-sectional and experimental evidence linking negative urgency and tobacco use, neural correlates of negative urgency in tobacco use have not been studied. The purpose of the current study was to 1) identify neural circuits that differ between tobacco users and non-tobacco users and 2) explore the relationship between resting-state seed-based functional connectivity (rsFC) and negative urgency, both in the overall group and between tobacco users and non-tobacco users. Using negative urgency-related brain regions as seed regions (voxel level p = .005, cluster-level a < .05), compared to non-tobacco users (n = 21; mean age = 36.57, 62% female, 76% white), tobacco users (n = 22; mean age = 37.50, 64% female, 77% white) had stronger rsFC strengths in the right amygdala – left medial orbitofrontal cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex circuit and the right nucleus accumbens – right temporoparietal junction circuit. Additionally, rsFC in the bilateral temporal pole – left supramarginal gyrus circuits was positively correlated with negative urgency (Left temporal pole: r = .55, p < .001; Right temporal pole: r = .51, p < .001). The current study extends previous neuroimaging findings, which have mainly focused on how negative urgency is related to brain responses in localized, segregated brain regions, by examining the network-level interactions between different brain regions. This study provides prime preliminary data for future neuroimaging studies of negative urgency by providing potential target networks that would aid the development of novel intervention strategies for negative urgency-based maladaptive behaviors.

Tobacco has been recognized as the number one cause of preventable death in America and results in almost 5.2 million years of potential life lost each year. The use of tobacco products is highly correlated with pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and other forms of chronic illness in America. New tobacco products are trending in the tobacco market such as the water pipe/hookah and e-cigarettes. With e-cigarettes and other newer forms of tobacco on the rise, it is important to look at the underlying factors for using all kinds of tobacco products as a means of prevention. Certain adult attachment styles (secure, preoccupied, dismissing-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant) in emotionally meaningful relationships could be indicators for physical illness, mental illness, and even addiction. This study investigated whether or not there is a relationship between tobacco use and attachment style. Based on a university-wide survey that was sent out at a university in Appalachia with 522 participants, demographic data revealed 68.5% (n = 358) did not currently use tobacco products. Of those who did currently use tobacco products 54.5% (n = 90) were male, 84.8% (n = 140) were undergraduate students, and 66.7% (n = 110) were between the ages of 18-25. For individuals who used tobacco 23.5% (n = 38) were in the secure attachment group, 27.8% (n = 45) were in the dismissing-avoidant attachment group, 30.2% (n = 49) were in the fearful-avoidant attachment group, and 18.5% (n = 30) were in the preoccupied attachment group. Chi Square analysis demonstrated that attachment style was significantly (p < 0.001) different between tobacco users and non-users revealing that there is a possibility for prevention of smoking initiation through the development of a secure attachment style.

Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2004. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Suzanne Christopher. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-60).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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The effects of shiftwork can be complex and nonuniform. This study was conducted to determine the dietary patterns, behavioral/health perceptions, and nutrition knowledge of smoking and nonsmoking foodservice shiftworkers. Data were collected with the use of a questionnaire and food frequency list. Seventy- seven participants were used in the study: 41 smokers and 36 nonsmokers. These participants were employees of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University foodservice system. Each was employed on a full- time basis and was considered to be bluecollar status. The smoking foodservice shiftworkers perceived a higher number of diagnosed medical conditions than the nonsmokers. They also consumed significantly less food than the nonsmokers in five of the six food/drink groups as indicated on the food frequency list. No significant differences were determined between smokers and nonsmokers for nutrition knowledge, food type selection- (sweets, fast foods, convenience foods/beverages, and cafeteria served foods), restfulness/relaxation, overall health perception, and organizational lifestyle. The need for smoker cessation education and for information regarding nutrition and health practices was identified by this study. Further investigation into each of the various aspects of this study is warranted. / Master of Science / Bibliography: leaves 69-72.