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Latent variable models with application to text based document representationKaban, Ata January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Patterning the zebrafish visual system requires the actions of Pbx transcription factors, and a downstream growth factor, Gdf6aFrench, Curtis Robert 11 1900 (has links)
The zebrafish visual system relies on positional information in the retina and optic tectum, so that the spatial fidelity of light signals that enter the eye are preserved for visual processing. This positional information is essential for ordered topographic mapping of retinal ganglion cell axons. Spatial information in the retina and tectum relies on discrete signaling pathways that regulate polarized expression of axon guidance molecules in distinct domains in both the retina and tectum, thereby ensuring that accurate topographic maps are created.
In this thesis, I have investigated the function of two families of transcription factors, Pbx and Meis, as well as a growth factor of the Bmp family, Gdf6a, in specifying positional identity in the zebrafish visual system. I demonstrate that two partially redundant pbx genes, pbx2 and pbx4, along with members of the meis family, are required for patterning of the dorsal retina and tectum in zebrafish. Embryos lacking these critical transcription factors exhibit retinal ganglion cell axon outgrowth errors, which are likely the result of tectal mis-patterning.
Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) growth factors regulate dorsal retinal identity in vertebrate models, but the developmental timing of this signaling remains unclear. In this thesis, I investigate the functions of two zebrafish Bmps, Gdf6a and Bmp4, during initiation of dorsal retinal identity. Knockdown of zebrafish Gdf6a blocks initiation of dorsal marker expression, while knockdown of Bmp4 produces no discernable retinal phenotype. These data, combined with analyses of embryos ectopically expressing Bmps, demonstrate that Gdf6a is necessary and sufficient for initiation of dorsal retinal identity, and loss of such identity leads to errors in retinal ganglion cell topographic mapping.
Finally, I demonstrate that gdf6a is required for numerous embryonic processes in addition to dorsal retina specification. Gdf6a in required for eye growth, as loss of Gdf6a function leads to microphthalmia. I have obtained preliminary evidence that this growth factor is also required for development of the lens and axial skeleton. Furthermore, many of these phenotypes are similar to those seen in human patients with mutations in GDF6, highlighting the importance of understanding the function of this growth factor in model organisms. / Molecular Biology and Genetics
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Patterning the zebrafish visual system requires the actions of Pbx transcription factors, and a downstream growth factor, Gdf6aFrench, Curtis Robert Unknown Date
No description available.
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Generative manifold learning for the exploration of partially labeled dataCruz Barbosa, Raúl 01 October 2009 (has links)
In many real-world application problems, the availability of data labels for supervised learning is rather limited. Incompletely labeled datasets are common in many of the databases generated in some of the currently most active areas of research. It is often the case that a limited number of labeled cases is accompanied by a larger number of unlabeled ones. This is the setting for semi-supervised learning, in which unsupervised approaches assist the supervised problem and vice versa.
A manifold learning model, namely Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM), is the basis of the methods developed in this thesis. The non-linearity of the mapping that GTM generates makes it prone to trustworthiness and continuity errors that would reduce the faithfulness of the data representation, especially for datasets of convoluted geometry. In this thesis, a variant of GTM that uses a graph approximation to the geodesic metric is first defined. This model is capable of representing data of convoluted geometries. The standard GTM is here modified to prioritize neighbourhood relationships along the generated manifold. This is accomplished by penalizing the possible divergences between the Euclidean distances from the data points to the model prototypes and the corresponding geodesic distances along the manifold. The resulting Geodesic GTM (Geo-GTM) model is shown to improve the continuity and trustworthiness of the representation generated by the model, as well as to behave robustly in the presence of noise.
The thesis then leads towards the definition and development of semi-supervised versions of GTM for partially-labeled data exploration. As a first step in this direction, a two-stage clustering procedure that uses class information is presented. A class information-enriched variant of GTM, namely class-GTM, yields a first cluster description of the data. The number of clusters defined by GTM is usually large for visualization purposes and does not necessarily correspond to the overall class structure. Consequently, in a second stage, clusters are agglomerated using the K-means algorithm with different novel initialization strategies that benefit from the probabilistic definition of GTM. We evaluate if the use of class information influences cluster-wise class separability. A robust variant of GTM that detects outliers while effectively minimizing their negative impact in the clustering process is also assessed in this context.
We then proceed to the definition of a novel semi-supervised model, SS-Geo-GTM, that extends Geo-GTM to deal with semi-supervised problems. In SS-Geo-GTM, the model prototypes are linked by the nearest neighbour to the data manifold constructed by Geo-GTM. The resulting proximity graph is used as the basis for a class label propagation algorithm. The performance of SS-Geo-GTM is experimentally assessed, comparing positively with that of an Euclidean distance-based counterpart and that of the alternative Laplacian Eigenmaps method. Finally, the developed models (the two-stage clustering procedure and the semi-supervised models) are applied to the analysis of a human brain tumour dataset (obtained by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), where the tasks are, in turn, data clustering and survival prognostic modeling. / Resum de la tesi (màxim 4000 caràcters. Si se supera aquest límit, el resum es tallarà automàticament al caràcter 4000)
En muchos problemas de aplicación del mundo real, la disponibilidad de etiquetas de datos para aprendizaje supervisado es bastante limitada. La existencia de conjuntos de datos etiquetados de manera incompleta es común en muchas de las bases de datos generadas en algunas de las áreas de investigación actualmente más activas. Es frecuente que un número limitado de casos etiquetados venga acompañado de un número mucho mayor de datos no etiquetados. Éste es el contexto en el que opera el aprendizaje semi-supervisado, en el cual enfoques no-supervisados prestan ayuda a problemas supervisados y vice versa.
Un modelo de aprendizaje de variaciones (manifold learning, en inglés), llamado Mapeo Topográfico Generativo (GTM, en acrónimo de su nombre en inglés), es la base de los métodos desarrollados en esta tesis. La no-linealidad del mapeo que GTM genera hace que éste sea propenso a errores de fiabilidad y continuidad, los cuales pueden reducir la fidelidad de la representación de los datos, especialmente para conjuntos de datos de geometría intrincada. En esta tesis, una extensión de GTM que utiliza una aproximación vía grafos a la métrica geodésica es definida en primer lugar. Este modelo es capaz de representar datos con geometrías intrincadas. En él, el GTM estándar es modificado para priorizar relaciones de vecindad a lo largo de la variación generada. Esto se logra penalizando las divergencias existentes entre las distancias Euclideanas de los datos a los prototipos del modelo y las correspondientes distancias geodésicas a lo largo de la variación. Se muestra que el modelo Geo-GTM resultante mejora la continuidad y fiabilidad de la representación generada y que se comporta de manera robusta en presencia de ruido.
Más adelante, la tesis nos lleva a la definición y desarrollo de versiones semi-supervisadas de GTM para la exploración de conjuntos de datos parcialmente etiquetados. Como un primer paso en esta dirección, se presenta un procedimiento de agrupamiento en dos etapas que utiliza información de pertenencia a clase. Una extensión de GTM enriquecida con información de pertenencia a clase, llamada class-GTM, produce una primera descripción de grupos de los datos. El número de grupos definidos por GTM es normalmente grande para propósitos de visualización y no corresponde necesariamente con la estructura de clases global. Por ello, en una segunda etapa, los grupos son aglomerados usando el algoritmo K-means con diferentes estrategias de inicialización novedosas las cuales se benefician de la definición probabilística de GTM. Evaluamos si el uso de información de clase influye en la separabilidad de clase por grupos. Una extensión robusta de GTM que detecta datos atípicos a un tiempo que minimiza de forma efectiva su impacto negativo en el proceso de agrupamiento es evaluada también en este contexto.
Se procede después a la definición de un nuevo modelo semi-supervisado, SS-Geo-GTM, que extiende Geo-GTM para ocuparse de problemas semi-supervisados. En SS-Geo-GTM, los prototipos del modelo son vinculados al vecino más cercano a la variación construída por Geo-GTM. El grafo de proximidad resultante es utilizado como base para un algoritmo de propagación de etiquetas de clase. El rendimiento de SS-Geo-GTM es valorado experimentalmente, comparando positivamente tanto con la contraparte de este modelo basada en la distancia Euclideana como con el método alternativo Laplacian Eigenmaps. Finalmente, los modelos desarrollados (el procedimiento de agrupamiento en dos etapas y los modelos semi-supervisados) son aplicados al análisis de un conjunto de datos de tumores cerebrales humanos (obtenidos mediante Espectroscopia de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear), donde las tareas a realizar son el agrupamiento de datos y el modelado de pronóstico de supervivencia.
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