Due to the fast growing bandwidth of Internet users, the P2P video streaming on the Internet becomes one of impaortant solutions to release the traffic load. However, the current studies fall short of addressing the video delay issue on live P2P streaming. In this research, we proposed a topology construction method: Smart-Fit, towards minimizing the transmission delay between users and video server. The concept is based on minimizing the hop counts between server and users, in further to reduce the delay. With the bandwidth variety of Internet users, the proppsed method builds a predicted ideal template. Then the users¡¦ joining and leaving behaviors and the system¡¦s topology are constructed according to the template. Simulation results show the proposed method successfully reduces the hop count and the transmission delay between users and server. Moreover, due to the reduction of hop count, the packet loss rate is also reduced.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) offer a flexible low-cost solution to the problem of event monitoring, especially in places with limited accessibility or that represent danger to humans. WSNs are made of resource-constrained wireless devices, which require energy efficient mechanisms, algorithms and protocols. One of these mechanisms is Topology Control (TC) composed of two mechanisms, Topology Construction and Topology Maintenance. This dissertation expands the knowledge of TC in many ways. First, it introduces a comprehensive taxonomy for topology construction and maintenance algorithms for the first time. Second, it includes four new topology construction protocols: A3, A3Lite, A3Cov and A3LiteCov. These protocols reduce the number of active nodes by building a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) and then turning off unnecessary nodes. The A3 and A3-Lite protocols guarantee a connected reduced structure in a very energy efficient manner. The A3Cov and A3LiteCov protocols are extensions of their predecessors that increase the sensing coverage of the network. All these protocols are distributed -they do not require localization information, and present low message and computational complexity. Third, this dissertation also includes and evaluates the performance of four topology maintenance protocols: Recreation (DGTRec), Rotation (SGTRot), Rotation and Recreation (HGTRotRec), and Dynamic Local-DSR (DLDSR). Finally, an event-driven simulation tool named Atarraya was developed for teaching, researching and evaluating topology control protocols, which fills a need in the area of topology control that other simulators cannot. Atarraya was used to implement all the topology construction and maintenance cited, and to evaluate their performance. The results show that A3Lite produces a similar number of active nodes when compared to A3, while spending less energy due to its lower message complexity. A3Cov and A3CovLite show better or similar coverage than the other distributed protocols discussed here, while preserving the connectivity and energy efficiency from A3 and A3Lite. In terms of network lifetime, depending on the scenarios, it is shown that there can be a substantial increase in the network lifetime of 450% when a topology construction method is applied, and of 3200% when both topology construction and maintenance are applied, compared to the case where no topology control is used.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fils linéaires (RdCSL) sont un cas particulier de réseaux de capteurs sans fils où les nœuds de capteurs sont déployés le long de multiples lignes. les RdCSL sont utilisés pour la surveillance des infrastructures routières, ferroviaires, des conduites de gaz, d’eau, de pétrole et de cours d’eau. Les solutions classiques de formation de topologie et d’adressage proposées ne sont pas adaptées à l’environnement des RdCSFL. En effet les paramètres initiaux utilisés par ces protocoles tels que le nombre maximum de nœuds fils (Cm), nombre maximum de nœuds routeurs fils Rm, profondeur maximum de l’arbre (Lm), occasionnent un gaspillage de l’espace d’adressage disponible pour les nœuds et limitent la profondeur de l’arbre adressable (15 sauts pour ZigBee). D’autres solutions adaptées pour les RdCSFL utilisent une organisation en cluster des nœuds du réseau et sont basées elles aussi sur des paramètres fixés à l’avance tels quel le nombre maximum de cluster fils par cluster. De plus, ces solutions requièrent beaucoup d’interventions manuelles sur les nœuds de capteurs (choix des chefs de cluster par exemple) et ne favorisent pas une adaptation face aux changements du RdCSL tels que l’ajout d’un ensemble de nœuds de capteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons donc des protocoles permettant la construction automatique de topologies logiques, l’adressage et le routage pour des réseaux de capteurs sans fil linéaires. Nos protocoles fournissent aussi des mécanismes de gestion dynamique d’un RdSFL avec l’ajout de nouveaux nœuds, la réallocation d’adresses pour les nœuds en cas d’épuisement de blocs d’adresses et la gestion du routage vers plusieurs puits du réseau. Nos différents protocoles sont évalués grâce au simulateur Castalia/Omnet++. Les résultats de nos simulations montrent que nos protocoles permettent de construire un RdCSFL connecté avec peu de nœuds orphelins (nœuds sans adresses logiques) et sans limitations de profondeur. Nous montrons aussi, grâce à nos simulations, que nos contributions permettent d’ajouter un grand nombres de nœuds à un RdCSFL existant de n’importe quelle taille et s’adaptent au déploiement de plusieurs puits et au routage multi-puits et permettent d’améliorer le ratio et la latence de paquets livrés dans les RdCSFL. / Linear wireless sensor network (LWSN) are a sub-case of wireless sensor network where sensor nodes are roughly deployed through multiple long lines with branches. LWSN are used to monitor infrastructures such as roads, pipelines, and naturals entities such as rivers.Classical solutions of topology construction and addressing are inefficient on LWSN . Indeed, with initials networks parameters such as the maximum number of children per node (Cm), the maximum number of children routers per node (Rm), and the maximum tree depth, a solution like ZigBee causes a waste of available address space of network nodes and limit the depth of the addressable tree to 15 hops. Other solutions proposed for LWSN use a cluster-tree organisation and are based on initial network parameters such as the maximum number of children clusters per cluster. In addition, these solutions require a lot of manual intervention on different sensor nodes and do not allow adaptation for a network extension (addition of a set of new sensor nodes). In this thesis, we propose protocols to allow the automatic construction of topologies, the addressing and the data routing for linear wireless sensor networks. Our contribution also provides mechanisms for dynamic management of LWSN (addition of new nodes, addresses reallocation, and data routing to multiple sink nodes). Our different protocols are evaluated using Castalia/Omnet++ simulator. Results of our simulations show that our protocols allow a construction of connected LWSN with very few orphan nodes and without depth limitations. We also show that our contribution allows to add many new nodes on different LWSN, and adapts to the deployment of multiple sinks to improve the ratio and the latency of data delivery packets.

Gossip is a generic protocol which was designed for spreading information between nodes in large distributed decentralised systems. This protocol can be also used for many different applications including data aggregation, topology construction, etc. This work presents and describes a framework designed for facilitating modelling and simulation of Gossip-based systems.