A Constrained Torsional Analysis of Thin-Walled Variable Cross-Section Multi-Cell Laminated Composite Beams has been undertaken . The existing Isotopic theory has been modified using the effective engineering elastic constants to cater for the Composite structures under torsional loads. The relevant computer programs for the Composite structure analysis have also been developed. The results are discussed in detail for single-cell and multi-cell prismatic/tapered beams for all [0/45/-45/90], lay up in flanges and webs, all [45/-45]2], lay-up in flanges and webs, and for flanges [0/45/-45/90], & webs [45/-45]2], lay-up. The theoretical results obtained are then compared with those obtained from a finite element method analysis carried out by the author employing MSC commercial package PATRAN/NASTRAN. This has provided confidence in the validity and capability of the developed Composite theory in handling the Torsional Analysis of Variable Cross-section Single-Cell & Multi-Cell Laminated Composite Beams.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:31:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 estrela_cb_me_arafo.pdf: 632594 bytes, checksum: e7982adee01fe5ebe42d21b28ee2bc23 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência à fratura de instrumentos rotatórios de níquel-titânio por meio de ensaio de torção. Foram avaliados os sistemas Profile 0,04/0,06 (Dentsply/Maillefer) e K3 (Kerr), perfazendo um total de 300 limas, as quais foram divididas em 5 grupos: Grupo A (Profile 0,04), Grupo B (Profile 0,06), Grupo C (K3 0,04), Grupo D (K3 0,06), Grupo E (Protaper). Os instrumentos foram submetidos a ensaio de torção por meio de um dispositivo acoplado à uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos MTS (Material Test System). Esta máquina era conectada à um microcomputador onde foram registrados os valores de carga máxima aplicada a cada lima. Tais valores foram, posteriormente aos testes, convertidos em torque (em N.cm), seguindo a fórmula: torque = carga máxima x raio. Os valores de torque máximo para fratura foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste t de Student. Os resultados mostraram que instrumentos de maiores conicidades (Grupo B e D) são mais resistentes à fratura do que os de conicidades menores (Grupo A e C). Os instrumentos K3 0,06 necessitam de maiores valores de torque máximo para fratura em relação aos Protaper. Observamos ainda que os instrumentos do sistema K3 foram significativamente mais resistentes à fratura torcional do que os instrumentos do sistema Profile. Porém, os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças significativas na resistência à fratura entre os sistemas Profile 0,04, Profile 0,06 e K3 0,04 quando comparados ao sistema Protaper, da mesma forma que quando comparamos os sitemas Profile 0,04 com o K3 0,04. Porém, quando a comparação foi feita entre instrumentos Profile 0,06 e K3 0,06, os últimos mostraram-se mais resistentes à fratura que os primeiros. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of different nickel-titanium rotary instruments to the fracture by means of torsion test. Profile 0,04/0,06 (Dentsply/Maillefer), Protaper (Dentsply/Maillefer) and K3 ENDO (Kerr) systems were evaluated, resulting in 300 files which were divided in 5 groups: Group A (Profile 0,04), Group B(Profile 0,06), Group C (K3 0,04), Group D (K3 0,06), Group E (Protaper). The instruments were subjected to torsion test by means of an appliance coupled to a mechanical test machine MTS (Material Test System). This machine was connected to a microcomputer in which was registered the values of maximum load applied to each file. Such values were, after the tests, converted to torque (in N.cm), following the formula: torque=maximum load x radius. Maximum torque values for fracture were analyzed statistically by the Student's t. The results showed that more taper instruments (Groups B and D) are more resistant to fracture than the less taper ones (Groups A and C). The K3 0,06 instruments need higher values of maximum torque to fracture with relation to Protaper's ones. We also noticed that the instruments from K3 system were significantly more resistant to the torsion fracture than the Profile system instruments. However, the results showed that there are not significant differences in the resistance to the fracture among the systems Profile 0,04, Profile 0,06 and K3 0,04 when they were compared to Protaper system, as the same way when we compare Profile 0,04 systems to K3 0,04.

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Les fils d’acier perlitiques tréfilés ont une limite à rupture en traction qui peut dépasser 4000 MPa. Ils sont ensuite assemblés sous forme de câble, avec des contraintes de traction – torsion – flexion, où les plus résistants peuvent présenter un manque de ductilité.La première partie de ce travail permet d’identifier que la torsion est la sollicitation mécanique la plus critique, et la délamination le mode de rupture associé. Le mécanisme de rupture par délamination en torsion est ensuite étudié, à partir de la compréhension de l’influence du tréfilage sur les contraintes résiduelles, les défauts et fissures en surface, le type de microstructure et les textures. Cette approche démontre l’existence d’une taille de défauts et d’une contrainte critiques pour l’apparition de fissures de délamination. Les phénomènes de déformation et de rupture sont finalement décrits à l’échelle de la microstructure. Trois étapes sont nécessaires à la délamination : la localisation de la déformation et une fissuration longitudinale, la propagation d’une fissure instable dans la section, et la propagation longitudinale de la fissure. Si la première étape est associée aux imbrications des microstructures en « ciels de Van Gogh » et à l’anisotropie de structure, la seconde étape est plus directement liée aux niveaux de contraintes dans les zones de localisation en cisaillement et à la taille des défauts propagés. La dernière étape résulte des contraintes de cisaillement en jeu et de l’anisotropie microstructurale.En conclusion, la mise en évidence des étapes d’amorçage et de propagation des fissures permet de prouver l’impact du champ de contraintes résiduelles et de la taille des défauts sur la délamination en torsion des fils perlitiques tréfilés, et d’identifier le rôle essentiel de la microstructure à l’échelle locale. Une des perspectives serait alors la recherche de microstructures moins sensibles à la localisation de la déformation, ainsi que la propagation de fissures. / Drawn pearlitic steel wires have a remarkable tensile strength, which can reach 4000 MPa. After drawing, however, wires have to pass through the cabling step where they undergo traction – torsion – bending solicitations. Under such loading conditions the wires that are the most effective in tension tend to lack ductility.First, torsion was identified as the most critical solicitation, and delamination as the associated rupture mode. Then, the formation of delamination cracks in torsion was examined, as well as the impact of some drawing parameters on properties influencing the formation of cracks, such as residual stresses, defects and cracks on the wire surface, microstructure type and textures. Conclusions were drawn on the existence of a critical defect size and residual stress level for the propagation of a delamination crack transverse to the wire section. A study at the microscopic scale showed three successive steps to be needed for a delamination crack to propagate: shear localization accompanied with longitudinal cracking, unsteady crack propagation across the wire’s cross-section and longitudinal crack propagation. A curled microstructure, also named “Van Gogh skies”, in addition to structural anisotropy make shear deformation in the wire section difficult, and thus favor localization. The stability of the crack across the section is most influenced by macroscopic mechanical parameters such as stress level in localization’s zones and size of propagated cracks. The last longitudinal propagation step is more related to the torsional shear stress and to the microstructural anisotropy.In conclusion, a phenomenology for delamination of high strength pearlitic steel wires was outlined. It allows one to demonstrate the impact of the residual stress field and of the crack size in addition to identifying the influence of the microstructure. An interesting future perspective of this study could be the investigation of microstructures less sensitive to shear localization and to crack propagation.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les propriétés spectrales des guides d'onde quantiques tridimensionnels (les tubes) perturbés. Nous considérons, principalement deux types différents de perturbation : Dans le premier type, il s’agit de la perturbation d’une déformation géométrique. Plus précisément, nous étudions l’opérateur de Laplace de Dirichlet défini dans un tube déformé à l’aide d’une torsion constante perturbée localement par une fonction de même signe (torsion répulsive).Le deuxième type de perturbation consiste à changer localement les conditions aux bords imposées sur la frontière du guide d’onde. En effet, il s’agit de l’étude du Laplacien avec des conditions aux bords mixtes.Nous imposons des conditions aux bords de Dirichlet par tout sur la frontière du guide d’onde, sauf sur une partie bornée où nous considérons des conditions aux bords de Neumann. D’une part, nous examinons les tubes droits (sans déformations géométriques) dans le but de comprendre l’effet de la perturbation des conditions aux bords. D’autre part, nous étudions les tubes torsadés afin d’établir une comparaison entre les effets opposés des deux perturbations (géométrique et des conditions aux bords). / In this thesis we study the spectral properties of perturbed 3D quantum waveguides (tubes). We mainly consider two types of perturbation:The first type is a geometric perturbation. More precisely, we study the Laplace operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions defined in a twisted tube. The twist that we consider is a constant one that has been locally perturbed by a function of same sign (a repulsive twist). The second type of perturbation is done by changing locally the boundary conditions. In fact, we study the Laplacian operator with Dirichlet conditions everywhere on the boundary of the tube except on a bounded part where we consider the Neumann conditions. In one hand we study the straight tubes (with no geometric perturbations) to figure out the effect of perturbation that occurred in the boundary conditions. In the other hand we study the twisted tubes to establish a comparison between the opposite effects of these two types of perturbation (the geometric one and the change that we imposed on the boundary conditions).