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Mesure de la section efficace totale proton-proton avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC / Measurement of the total proton-proton cross section with ATLAS at LHCAbdel khalek, Samah 28 November 2013 (has links)
Celà fait maintenant presque 50 ans qu'on a découvert que la section efficace totale proton-proton augmentait avec l’énergie, alors qu'on pensait précédemment qu'elle deviendrait asymptotiquement constante. Les incertitudes des mesures sur les rayons cosmiques effectuées à haute énergie ne permettent pas de déterminer la forme exacte de l'augmentation de la section efficace avec l’énergie.Le LHC au CERN à Genève fournit des collisions avec une énergie jamais atteinte dans un accélérateur de particule. L’énergie dans le centre de masse était 7 TeV en 2010 – 2011, 8 TeV en 2012 et atteindra 14 TeV dans un futur proche. Le détecteur ATLAS installé sur un des quatre points d'interaction du LHC, est utilisé pour collecter le résultat des collisions proton-proton. Son sous-détecteur ALFA, situé à 240 m du point d'interaction, est utilisé pour détecter les proton résultant des collisions élastiques. ALFA est donc capable, dans certaines conditions particulières de l'optique, de mesurer la section efficace totale et la pente nucléaire.Le travail effectué durant cette thèse a permit de mesurer σtot = 94.88 ± 0.12 stat ± 1.56syst mb et b = 19.45 ± 0.05stat ± 0.31syst GeV-2 à 7 TeV. / It is now nearly fifty years since total proton-proton (pp) cross sections have been found to grow with energy after it was believed for long time that they would become asymptotically constant . The uncertainties of the cosmic ray data, at high energy, do not allow to determine the exact growth with energy of the total cross section .The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva has already delivered collisions with an energy never reached in a particle accelerator. The energy in the center of mass was 7 TeV (2010 – 2011) or 8 TeV (2012) and will ultimately reached 14 TeV in the near future. Thus, this will provide a good environment for a new precise measurement of the total pp cross section at this energy.The ATLAS detector installed in one of the four LHC interaction points is used to collect the result of the pp collisions. Its sub-detector ALFA located 240 m from the interaction point, is used to track protons resulting from elastic collisions.Therefore, within special beam optics conditions, ALFA is able to measure the total cross section and the nuclear slope. During this PhD the analysis performed on the first data led to σtot = 94.88 ± 0.12 stat ± 1.56syst mb and b = 19.45 ± 0.05stat ± 0.31syst GeV-2 at 7 TeV.
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Seção de choque total do espalhamento de elétrons por metano e etanoGoulart, Marcelo Moreira 19 January 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-19 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Foram obtidos neste trabalho valores de Seção de Choque Total (SCT) do impacto de elétrons em metano e etano utilizando um aparelho desenvolvido no Laboratório de Espectroscopia Atômica e Molecular (LEAM) – DF – UFJF que emprega a técnica de transmissão linear. Estes dados traduzem a probabilidade total de espalhamento de elétrons incidentes que penetram em um meio gasoso, com uma enorme gama de aplicações, tais como desenvolvimento de "lasers", física de plasmas, eletrônica gasosa, astrofísica, estudos da atmosfera exterior terrestre e de semicondutores. Para a obtenção destas medidas foi construído um canhão de baixa energia que cobre continuamente a região de energia de 20 a 250 eV, com uma resolução em energia de 0,6 eV e intensidades de corrente da ordem de unidades a centenas de ƞA. As medidas foram realizadas para o metano e etano cobrindo as energias de 100, 110, 120, 130 e 150 eV e também 90eV para o etano. A partir das medias de atenuação do feixe eletrônico ao atravessar uma célula preenchida com o gás a ser estudado, a SCT foi obtida aplicando-se a Lei de Lambert-Beer. Os elétrons que não sofreram espalhamento pelos alvos foram discriminados daqueles espalhados por um analisador cilíndrico dispersivo 127º antes de serem detectados por um Coletor de Faraday. Os dados necessários à realização do cálculo de SCT para um valor de energia definido foram obtidos através de um processo estatístico envolvendo uma série de 5 a 10 seções de medidas. Além das medidas experimentais, determinou-se a SCT através da fórmula semi-empírica de García e Manero. Propôs-se, também, uma nova técnica de aquisição da SCT através da detecção do feixe de elétrons espalhado que atinge as paredes da célula de espalhamento. Os dados foram comparados com aqueles disponíveis na literatura e os calculados. Os valores de SCT obtidos neste trabalho apresentaram relativa concordância com a literatura. / Were obtained in this work values of total cross-section (TCS) of electron impact on methane and ethane using a device developed at the Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory (LEAM) - DF - UFJF employing the linear transmission technique. These data reflect the total scattering probability of incident electrons that penetrate a gaseous medium with a wide range of applications, such as the development of lasers, plasma physics, gaseous electronics, astrophysics, studies of Earth's outer atmosphere and semiconductors. A low-energy electron gun continuously covering the energy from 20 to 250 eV was built to obtain these measures with an energy resolution of 0.6 eV and current intensity of the order of units to hundreds of ƞA. The measurements were performed for methane and ethane covering the energies of 100, 110, 120, 130 and 150 eV and 90 eV also for ethane. Starting from mean attenuation of the electron beam that pass through a cell filled with gas to be studied, the SCT was obtained by applying the Beer-Lambert Law. The electrons that have not been scattered were discriminated from those scattered by a 127º cylindrical dispersive analyzer before being detected by a Faraday Cup. The necessary data to perform the calculation of TCS to a specific energy value was obtained through a statistical process involving a range from 5 to 10 acquisition turns. In addition to the experimental measurements, the SCT was determined by the semi-empirical formula of García and Manero. It was also proposed a new acquisition technique of SCT by detecting the scattered electron beam that reaches the walls of the scattering cell. The data were compared with those available in literature and the calculated ones. TCS values obtained in this study showed relative agreement with the literature.
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Meson production in pd collisionsSchönning, Karin January 2009 (has links)
Meson production in proton-deuteron collisions has been studied using the WASA detector facility at the CELSIUS storage ring in Uppsala. Data were obtained at two different beam energies, 1360 MeV and 1450 MeV, slightly above threshold for η and ω mesons. The differential cross sections of pd → 3He ω constitute the first measurements of this reaction covering the whole angular range. The ω angular distributions are isotropic at 1360 MeV but have strong forward and backward enhancements at 1450 MeV. Theoretical calculations using a two-step model fail to reproduce the shapes of the angular distributions and underestimate the total cross sections. The tensor polarisation of the ω meson has been derived from the measured angular distributions of the ω decay products. The π+ π- π0 and the π0 γ decay channels gave consistent results, showing that the ω meson is produced unpolarised at both energies. This is in contrast to a recent MOMO measurement which showed that the Φ meson is produced almost completely polarised in the pd → 3HeΦ reaction. Different production dynamics of ω and Φ mesons close to threshold raises the question whether the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) rule is applicable in low-energy nucleon-nucleon reactions. The angular distributions of the η meson produced in the pd → 3He η reaction are strongly enhanced for forward going η mesons at both energies. The σ(pd → 3He π+ π- π0 )/σ(pd → 3He π0 π0 π0 ) ratio has been measured and discussed in terms of isospin amplitudes. A rough estimate of the pd → 3He π0 π0 π0 π0 cross sections has also been obtained and the pd → 3He η π0 reaction has been studied for the first time near threshold.
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Gluon propagator in classical color field of colliding hadrons and its implications for hadronic cross sectionsCheung, Man-Fung 28 September 2011 (has links)
We review the Regge theory and the minijet model for pp and pp collisions. We show that, in the conventional minijet approach, the asymptotic behavior of the total cross section calculated using currently accepted gluon distribution function and perturbative QCD rises too rapidly when compared with the data and fails to satisfy Froissart bound. To tame the rise, we have developed a new formalism for the interaction between QCD gluon and the classical color field of the colliding nucleons, and show how the gluon propagator is modified. The corresponding gauge invariance condition of the propagator is derived and shown to be satisfied. The modified gluon propagator leads to a suppression of the minijet cross section due to the gg [rightwards arrow] gg sub-process in the small-x region. We show that the pp and pp total cross section from [square root]s = 5 GeV to 30 TeV can be described as a sum of a hard component contributed by the classical field modified minijet model and a soft component due to the exchange of the Pomeron and the I=0 exchange-degenerate [omega] and f Regge trajectories. The soft-component model is motivated by the notion of duality. The predicted total cross section has a ln s asymptotic behavior. / text
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Medidas de Raios de Núcleos Radioativos Deficientes em Nêutrons com A ~ 60 - 80 / Measurements of the radii of neutron-deficient radioactive nuclei with A ~ 60 - 80Lima, Gilberto Francisco de 29 October 1998 (has links)
Foram medidos, através do chamado Método Direto, as seções de choque de interação (sigmaBARRA) e os raios reduzidos de interação (r IND.o) de isótopos deficientes em nêutrons do ANTIND 31 Ga, ANTIND 32 Ge, ANTIND 33 As, ANTIND 34 Se e ANTIND 35 Br; com massa A DA ORDEM DE 60 - 80. O feixe radioativo, incidente em um detetor alvo de Si, foi produzido plea fragmentação de um feixe de ANTPOT 78 Kr, com energia de 73 MeV/núcleon, num alvo de ANTPOT nat Ni, no Laboratório GANIL, França. Verificou-se um suave decréscimo dos valores de r IND.o com o aumento do número de nêutrons N para praticamente todas as cadeias isotópicas, exceto para a do ANTIND 35 Br. Estes resultados não mostraram correlação com deformações, observadas em alguns núcleos desta região. Cálculos teóricos para os raios destes núcleos utilizando-se o modelo de Glauber, baseado em densidades de matéria nuclear obtidas a partir da teoria de Campo Médio Relativístico, apresentaram uma boa concordância com os valores medidos, sem contudo conseguirem reproduzir a tendência decrescente com N experimentalmente observada. São apresentados, também, os resultados de tentativas feitas para viabilizar o estudo de núcleos exóticos no Laboratório Pelletron do IFUSP. Desenvolveu-se o Método Direto para funcionar nas energias disponíveis neste laboratório, e também determinaram-se as providências necessárias para a produção e separação de núcleos radioativos nas condições ali reinantes. / The interaction cross section sigmaBARRAIND.R and the reduced interaction radii r IND.0 of neutron-deficient, radioactive ANTIND.31 Ga, ANTIND.32 Ge, ANTIND.33 As, ANTIND.34 Se and ANTIND.35 Br isotopes with A DA ORDEM DE 60 80 were measured. The secondary radioactive beam, hitting a Si target/detector system, was produced by the fragmentation of ANTPOT.78 Kr, with 73 MeV/nucleon energy on a ANTPOT.nat Ni target, at the GANIL Laboratory in France. Most elements show reduced radii which decrease slowly with N, with the exception of ANTIND.35 Br. No clear correlations is found between deformation and r IND.0, as observed for charge radii of Kr and Sr. theoretical values of r IND.0 were calculated from Glauber reaction cross-section, based on proton and neutron densities calculated in the Relativistic Mean Field framework. The agreement between theoretical r IND.0 and the data is reasonable, however the decreasing tendency with N is not reproduced. We also present our efforts to produce radioactive beams at Pelletron Laboratory of IFUSP. The Direct Method was implemented at the energies available at Pelletron Laboratory and the problem of the conditions to produce and separate radioactive beams was also addressed.
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Medidas de Raios de Núcleos Radioativos Deficientes em Nêutrons com A ~ 60 - 80 / Measurements of the radii of neutron-deficient radioactive nuclei with A ~ 60 - 80Gilberto Francisco de Lima 29 October 1998 (has links)
Foram medidos, através do chamado Método Direto, as seções de choque de interação (sigmaBARRA) e os raios reduzidos de interação (r IND.o) de isótopos deficientes em nêutrons do ANTIND 31 Ga, ANTIND 32 Ge, ANTIND 33 As, ANTIND 34 Se e ANTIND 35 Br; com massa A DA ORDEM DE 60 - 80. O feixe radioativo, incidente em um detetor alvo de Si, foi produzido plea fragmentação de um feixe de ANTPOT 78 Kr, com energia de 73 MeV/núcleon, num alvo de ANTPOT nat Ni, no Laboratório GANIL, França. Verificou-se um suave decréscimo dos valores de r IND.o com o aumento do número de nêutrons N para praticamente todas as cadeias isotópicas, exceto para a do ANTIND 35 Br. Estes resultados não mostraram correlação com deformações, observadas em alguns núcleos desta região. Cálculos teóricos para os raios destes núcleos utilizando-se o modelo de Glauber, baseado em densidades de matéria nuclear obtidas a partir da teoria de Campo Médio Relativístico, apresentaram uma boa concordância com os valores medidos, sem contudo conseguirem reproduzir a tendência decrescente com N experimentalmente observada. São apresentados, também, os resultados de tentativas feitas para viabilizar o estudo de núcleos exóticos no Laboratório Pelletron do IFUSP. Desenvolveu-se o Método Direto para funcionar nas energias disponíveis neste laboratório, e também determinaram-se as providências necessárias para a produção e separação de núcleos radioativos nas condições ali reinantes. / The interaction cross section sigmaBARRAIND.R and the reduced interaction radii r IND.0 of neutron-deficient, radioactive ANTIND.31 Ga, ANTIND.32 Ge, ANTIND.33 As, ANTIND.34 Se and ANTIND.35 Br isotopes with A DA ORDEM DE 60 80 were measured. The secondary radioactive beam, hitting a Si target/detector system, was produced by the fragmentation of ANTPOT.78 Kr, with 73 MeV/nucleon energy on a ANTPOT.nat Ni target, at the GANIL Laboratory in France. Most elements show reduced radii which decrease slowly with N, with the exception of ANTIND.35 Br. No clear correlations is found between deformation and r IND.0, as observed for charge radii of Kr and Sr. theoretical values of r IND.0 were calculated from Glauber reaction cross-section, based on proton and neutron densities calculated in the Relativistic Mean Field framework. The agreement between theoretical r IND.0 and the data is reasonable, however the decreasing tendency with N is not reproduced. We also present our efforts to produce radioactive beams at Pelletron Laboratory of IFUSP. The Direct Method was implemented at the energies available at Pelletron Laboratory and the problem of the conditions to produce and separate radioactive beams was also addressed.
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Secção de choque total absoluta do espalhamento de elétrons por Metanol e EtanolSilva, Daniel Gustavo Mesquita da 06 April 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / Neste trabalho foram obtidas Secções de Choque Totais Absolutas (SCTA) para moléculas de Etanol e Metanol utilizando um aparelho desenvolvido no Laboratório de Espectroscopia Atômica e Molecular do DF/UFJF, que emprega a técnica de transmissão linear. As medidas foram realizadas para o Metanol e Etanol cobrindo as energias de impacto de 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 e 500 eV e também de 60 eV para o Etanol. A resolução de energia em todas as medidas foi de 0,6 eV (FWHM) e a incerteza no cálculo das SCTs foi estimada em 5%. A faixa de pressão na célula de espalhamento foi mantida entre 1 a 4mTorr. Os elétrons que sofreram processos de colisões inelásticas podem ser descriminados daqueles que não sofreram nenhum processo de interação com o alvo por um analisador cilíndrico dispersivo 127º, que tem a finalidade de selecionar os elétrons que serão detectados pelo Coletor de Faraday. Medindo a intensidade do feixe de elétrons atenuados, a SCTA pode ser obtida aplicando a Lei de Lambert Beer. Os dados foram obtidos através de um procedimento estatístico envolvendo uma série de 4 a 7 sessões de medidas, os valores obtidos foram utilizados para encontrar a SCT para uma determinada energia definida. Além das medidas experimentais, nós determinamos SCT utilizando a Regra da Aditividade. Nós também avaliamos nossos dados experimentais usando uma fórmula de dois parâmetros (Curva de Born) para cada gás. Nossos dados experimentais concordam com a maioria dos dados publicados na literatura. Não existem dados reportados na literatura de SCT para a molécula do Etanol (C2H5OH). / We have measured the absolute Total Cross Section (TCS) for methanol and ethanol
molecules using an apparatus manufactured at the Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory at DF/UFJF,
which employ the linear transmission technique. The experimental data were taken at incident
electron energies of 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 eV for methanol and
ethanol and also of 60 eV for ethanol. The energy resolution in all measurements was 0,6 eV
(FWHM) and the overall systematic uncertainty at the TCS were evaluated to be less than 5%. The
pressure range in the scattering cell was chosen between 1 and 4mTorr. Those electrons which passed the exit orifice of the chamber were discriminated with a 127o cylindrical energy selector
coupled with an entrance set of electrostatic lenses and detected by a Faraday cup. Measuring the
attenuation of intensity of the projectile-particle beam transmitted through the target volume, the
absolute TCS for a given impact energy was derived from the Beer-Lambert law. The
measurements were carried out for a given energy in a series of alt least 4 runs, each one taking at
least 7 values and an averaging procedure was applied to derive the final total cross section at a
particular energy. Besides the experimental measurements, we have additionally determined TCS
using the Additivity Rule. We have also evaluated our experimental data using a fitting procedure
with the Born-like formula containing two parameters for each gas. Our experimental data are in
good agreement with the majority of previous measurements published in the literature. There are
no previous reports of experimental electron scattering Total Cross Section C2H5OH in the
literature.
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“Secções de choque totais do espalhamento de elétrons por biomoléculas na região de baixas energias”Silva, Daniel Gustavo Mesquita da 19 June 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Valores precisos de Secção de Choque Total (SCT) para o espalhamento de elétrons por álcoois primários, como metanol, etanol, 1-propanol e 1- butanol, são muito importantes em muitas áreas aplicadas, uma vez que refletem a reatividade do alvo molecular no processo de colisão, como função da energia dos elétrons. Esses valores são muito úteis, por exemplo, quando se quer modelar a combustão do álcool no processo de ignição por centelha dentro de um motor de combustão interna. Através dessa modelagem, podemos melhorar o desempenho de veículos motorizados e de
todas as tecnologias que utilizam atualmente combustíveis fósseis. Medidas de SCT absoluta para espalhamento de elétrons por moléculas do 1-propanol foram realizadas neste trabalho, para energias de impacto de 40 a 500 eV. Esses dados foram obtidos utilizando um novo aparelho desenvolvido neste trabalho, baseado na atenuação de um feixe de elétrons colimado através de uma célula gasosa que contém as moléculas a serem estudadas, a uma pressão e temperatura conhecidas. Este aparelho é constituído de um canhão de elétrons, uma célula gasosa, um analisador de energia de elétrons composto de um sistema de lentes eletrostáticas desaceleradoras seguido por um analisador cilíndrico dispersivo 127° (ACD 127°) e um coletor de Faraday. O aparelho está instalado dentro de uma câmara de vácuo coberta por 5 camadas de mu-metal, para blindagem de campos magnéticos espúrios, sendo diferencialmente bombeada através de duas bombas turbomoleculares; uma com velocidade de bombeamento de 80 l/s, para bombear a câmara do canhão de elétrons, a fim de evitar mudanças nas características de emissão do filamento quando o gás é introduzido na câmara; e a outra, com uma velocidade de bombeamento de 600 l/s, para bombear a célula de espalhamento e a região do analisador. O aparelho desenvolvido mostrou excelente desempenho, quando os dados de SCT por ele produzidos foram comparados com dados da literatura para os gases Ar, He, N2. Nossos dados experimentais de SCT para o 1-propanol, pelo melhor de nosso conhecimento, são os primeiros da literatura. Eles foram comparados com os
resultados teóricos produzidos pelo Modelo do Átomo Independente Regra da Aditividade Revisada mais contribuições de interferências (MAIRAR+I), sendo verificada uma boa concordância. / Precise values of the Total Cross Section (TCS) for electron scattering by primary alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol, are very important in many applied areas, given that the TCS reflects the reactivity of a molecular target in the collision processes as a function of the electron energy. These values are very useful, for instance, when modeling alcohol combustion through a spark ignition process within an internal combustion engines. Through this modeling we can improve the performance of motor vehicles, and all technologies currently utilizing fossil fuels. Absolute Total Cross Section (ATCS) measurements for electron scattering from 1-propanol molecules were obtained in this work, for impact energies from 40 to 500 eV. These data were obtained using a new apparatus developed in this work, which is based on the measurement of the attenuation of a collimated electron beam through a gas cell containing the molecules to be studied at a given pressure and temperature. This new apparatus consists of an electron gun, a gas cell, an electron energy analyzer composed of an array of decelerating electrostatic lenses, a cylindrical dispersive 127° analyzer (CDA 127°), and a Faraday cup. The apparatus is housed inside a vacuum chamber covered by 5 layers of mu-metal, for shielding against spurious magnetic fields, and differentially pumped through two turbomolecular pumps; one with a
pumping speed of 80 l/s, for pumping the electron gun chamber in order to avoid changes in the electron emitting filament characteristics when gas is introduced into the chamber; and the other, with 600 l/s pumping speed, for pumping the scattering cell and analyzer region. The developed apparatus showed excellent performance when comparing our TCS data produced with it, with data from literature for the gases Ar, He, N2. Our TCS measurements for 1-propanol, to the best of our knowledge, are the first in the literature. These experimental measurements were compared with calculated TCS using the Independent-Atom Model with Screening Corrected Additivity Rule and
Interference (IAM-SCAR+I) approach with the level of agreement between them being typically found to be very good.
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Study of DD Neutrons and their Transmission in Iron SpheresDhakal, Sushil January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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