This study focused on Atmospheric Deposition (AD) loading on Utah Lake. Utah Lake is susceptible to Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) because of its large surface area to volume ratio, proximity to Great Basin dust sources, and various wind patterns from close mountain ranges that blow AD towards the lake. In this study, we continued the collection and analysis of AD samples that started in 2017 and 2018, while reporting additional 2019 and 2020 data. We constructed a sampler on Utah Lake itself, which allowed us to better estimate how AD loads were distributed over the lake. An interpolation assumption was made in the previous studies that the amount of AD decreases exponentially as it passes onto the lake from the shore. Results from 5 months of Bird Island AD sampling on Utah Lake indicate that this assumption was incorrect. We performed statistical comparison tests on 2 variables: (1) the difference in AD between 2 table heights at the same site and (2) the difference in AD between a filtered sample and an unfiltered sample. We were able to statistically conclude that there was no difference in AD between 1-meter and 2-meter tall sample tables and that filtered AD samples had as much as 3 times lower concentration than unfiltered AD samples. In 2017, the total AD loading was estimated to be, on the high end, approximately 350 tons of total phosphorous (TP) and 460 tons of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (Olsen JM, 2018). After making some changes to the interpolation methods, Joshua Reidhead in 2018 estimated AD loads of 153 tons of TP and 505 tons of DIN (Reidhead, 2019). With no changes to the 2018 sampling methods, but using an updated interpolation method, we determined the AD results for Utah Lake in 2019 to be 262 tons of TP and 1052 tons of DIN. After adjustments to the sampling tables, the bucket filters, and incorporating the Bird Island sampler results, we calculated the 2020 AD loading totals to be 133 tons of TP and 482 tons of DIN on the lake.

Nutrients are introduced into the waters of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania through various methods, mainly through point and non-point sources. Non-point sources would include agricultural means however, there are often other non-point sources that are often overlooked. Water runoff from stormwater is an important contributor to pollution entering various watersheds. Data was collected at 4 locations (the initial point of reference, residential, urban, and industrial) on Mill Run and 2 locations on Woodcock Creek, through surface water collection methods in dry and wet weather. Nitrate, Nitrite, Total Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen were among the data collected. Total Phosphorus had an increasing trend in concentration as the study progressed. Nitrate, Nitrite and Total Nitrogen showed no increasing trends. Location 3 (Urban Zone) produced the largest increase in Total Phosphorus. Weather conditions played a role in higher Nitrate concentrations while warm water produced higher Nitrite concentrations

Atmospheric deposition is a marginally understood source of nutrient loadings to waterbodies. Atmospheric deposition occurs via wet (rain, snow) and dry (gaseous and particulate transport) pathways. Bulk atmospheric deposition is defined as the total deposition from both wet and dry pathways. Utah Lake is a shallow eutrophic freshwater lake located in central Utah, USA. Recent studies have shown atmospheric deposition to be a significant contributor to the nutrient budget of Utah Lake. This study presents the analysis using three different methods of six years' worth of wet atmospheric deposition samples from nine locations around the lake, though these samples do include some contribution from dry deposition. We present and compare nutrient loads and nutrient loading rates for total phosphorus, total in-organic nitrogen, and ortho-phosphorus. We conclude that wet atmospheric deposition contributed between 309 to 529 tons of total phosphorus, 1,166 to 2,078 tons of total nitrogen, and 106 to 201 tons of ortho-phosphorus to the lake during the study period. We extracted loading rates for the calendar year (in tons per year) and winter/summer month (in tons per month) from the data from each of the three methods of analysis. We show that wet atmospheric deposition is a significant pathway in which nutrients are transported to Utah Lake.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the water chemistry in lake Lillsjön have changed significantly due to human impact of surrounding areas. Lake Lillsjön is located outside the central parts of Östersund. It is an important recrational area, and has great natural values, among other things it is habitat for several species of Chara stoneworts. Chara requires clear calcareous water, high pH, relatively low levels of nitrate-nitrogen and low phosphorus concentrations. Lake Lillsjöns is recepient for surface water from a nearby commercial and industrial area, as well as melt water from an adjecent snow dump. Compared to ten other Chara-lakes in the region, lake Lillsjön shows higher concentration of total phosphorus and higher water colour. The study concludes that the surface water from surrounding areas, as well as melting water from the snow dump, are the main sources of the higher concentration of total phosphorus in lake Lillsjön. While the colour of the incoming water only shows a weak difference compared to the water colour of the reference lakes, the source of the higher water colour cannot be established. The water of lake Lillsjön can not be consider a suitable habitat for Chara.

Aquatic ecosystems are an essential source for life and, in many regions, are exploited to a degree which deteriorates their ecological status. Today, more than 50 % of the European lakes suffer from an ecological status which is unsatisfactory. Many of these lakes require abatement actions to improve their status, and mathematical models have a great potential to predict and evaluate different abatement actions and their outcome. Several statistical methods and models exist which can be used for these purposes; however, many of the models are not constructed using a sufficient amount or quality of data, are too complex to be used by most managers, or are too site specific. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to present different statistical methods and models which are easy to use by managers, are general, and provide insights for the development of similar methods and models. To reach the main aim of the thesis several different statistical and modelling procedures were investigated and applied, such as genetic programming (GP), multiple regression, Markov Chains, and finally, well-used criteria for the r2 and p-value for the development of a method to determine temporal-trends. The statistical methods and models were mainly based on the variables chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but some methods and models can be directly transferred to other variables. The main findings in this thesis were that multiple regressions overcome the performance of GP to predict summer chl-a concentrations and that multiple regressions can be used to generally describe the chl-a seasonality with TP summer concentrations and the latitude as independent variables. Also, it is possible to calculate probabilities, using Markov Chains, of exceeding certain chl-a concentrations in future months. Results showed that deep water concentrations were in general closely related to the surface water concentrations along with morphometric parameters; these independent variables can therefore be used in mass-balance models to estimate the mass in deep waters. A new statistical method was derived and applied to confirm whether variables have changed over time or not for cases where other traditional methods have failed. Finally, it is concluded that the statistical methods and models developed in this thesis will increase the understanding for predictions within and across aquatic systems.

Since the turn of the last century, a substantial increase in nutrient load to the Baltic Sea is apparent. Adding the ongoing environmental change with raising temperatures and increased precipitation, this will continue to have a prominent environmental impact on our coastal ecosystems, especially in northern latitudes. Constructed wetlands are becoming more important as a mitigation measure to retain nutrients, however, they are until this day not well studied in northern latitudes. In this paper, nutrient retention in a newly constructed wetland is studied during its first month after activation, as well as potential downstream effects in associated sea bay. An additional literature study compiles information about the current knowledge, use and functionality of wetlands surrounding the Baltic Sea. This is done to widen knowledge regarding effectiveness of wetlands as nutrient traps in general, as well as to compare with the studied wetland. A net retention of 30 % for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) was found, as well as 27 % for total nitrogen (TN), 25 % for phosphate (PO43-) and 21 % for nitrate (NO3-). TP was found to be within range of expected retention capacity, when comparing with wetlands included in the synthesis. TN retention, however, seemed to be somewhat greater than in other wetland studies. Furthermore, the retention varied and seemed to be highest during an increased discharge, in the beginning and end of March. This was partly reflected by greater inlet concentrations and transports in most of the parameters during the initial time period. Decreasing temporal trends was seen in concentrations of DOC, total nutrients and NO3- concentrations in the sea bay, indicating an immediate downstream effect of the wetland installation. Findings from the synthesis indicate that there are very few studies in, and thus little knowledge about, wetlands in northern climate. Overall, the results from the pioneer northern wetland in Sörleviken suggest that net retention is possible during its first month post-activation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Up-to-date and accurate information on soil properties is important for precision farming and environmental management. The spatial information of soil properties allows adjustments of fertilizer applications to be made based on knowledge of local field conditions, thereby maximizing agricultural productivity and minimizing the risk of environmental pollution. While conventional soil sampling procedures are labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive, remote sensing techniques provide a rapid and efficient tool for mapping soil properties. This study aimed at examining the capacity of hyperspectral reflectance data for mapping soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P). Soil samples collected from Eagle Creek Watershed, Cicero Creek Watershed, and Fall Creek Watershed were analyzed for organic matter content, total N and total P; their corresponding spectral reflectance was measured in the laboratory before and after oven drying and in the field using Analytical Spectral Devices spectrometer. Hyperion images for each of the watersheds were acquired, calibrated and corrected and Hyperion image spectra for individual sampled sites were extracted. These hyperspectral reflectance data were related to SOM, total N and total P concentration through partial least squares (PLS) regressions. The samples were split into two datasets: one for calibration, and the other for validation. High PLS performance was observed during the calibration for SOM and total N regardless of the type of the reflectance spectra, and for total P with Hyperion image spectra. The validation of PLS models was carried out with each type of reflectance to assess their predictive power. For laboratory reflectance spectra, PLS models of SOM and total N resulted in higher R2 values and lower RMSEP with oven-dried than those with field-moist soils. The results demonstrate that soil moisture degrades the performance of PLS in estimating soil constituents with spectral reflectance. For in-situ field spectra, PLS estimated SOM with an R2 of 0.74, N with an R2 of 0.79, and P with an R2 of 0.60. For Hyperion image spectra, PLS predictive models yielded an R2 of 0.74 between measured and predicted SOM, an R2 of 0.72 between measured and predicted total N, and an R2 of 0.67 between measured and predicted total P. These results reveal slightly decreased model performance when shifting from laboratory-measured spectra to satellite image spectra. Regardless of the spectral data, the models for estimating SOM and total N consistently outperformed those for estimating total P. These results also indicate that PLS is an effective tool for remotely estimating SOM, total N and P in agricultural soils, but more research is needed to improve the predictive power of the model when applied to satellite hyperspectral imagery.

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Orientador: Denise de Campos Bicudo / Resumo: Este estudo baseou-se em um banco de dados limnológicos e biológicos (diatomáceas de sedimento superficial e da coluna da água) de 33 reservatórios com gradiente trófico (ultraoligotrófico a hipereutrófico) distribuídos na região sudeste do Estado de São Paulo. Visou, como primeira etapa, calcular os ótimos e as tolerâncias ecológicas (etapa de regressão) das espécies de diatomáceas com a finalidade de propor um índice de diatomáceas para avaliar o estado trófico de represas, bem como um modelo de função de transferência diatomácea-fósforo (etapa de calibração) para inferir níveis pretéritos de fósforo da água. Além disso, visou avaliar o efeito da eutrofização sobre a homogeneização taxonômica e funcional das comunidades de diatomáceas. As amostras do sedimento superficial (n = 113) e do plâncton (verão e inverno, n = 226) foram obtidas entre 2009 e 2014. O método da média ponderada (WA) foi utilizado para a etapa de regressão (ótimo e tolerância das espécies), e modelos de regressão clássica e inversa foram testados para a etapa de calibração para a proposição do índice trófico de diatomáceas e para o modelo de função de transferência diatomácea-fósforo. Foram calculados os ótimos e as tolerâncias de fósforo total para 58 (sedimento superficial) e 53 (plâncton) espécies de diatomáceas. O modelo proposto com base nas diatomáceas do sedimento superficial apresentou melhor habilidade (r2 0.71, p<0.001, RMSE 49.43 μg L-1) do que as planctônicas para proposição do índice de esta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study was based on a limnological and biological database (surface sediment and water column diatoms) of 33 reservoirs with trophic gradient (ultraoligo- to hyperereutrophic) distributed in the southeastern region of São Paulo State. The first aim was to calculate the optimum and ecological tolerances (regression stage) of diatom species in order to propose a diatom index to evaluate the trophic state of reservoirs, as well as a model of diatom-phosphorus transfer function (calibration step) to infer past levels of water phosphorus. In addition, it aimed to evaluate the effect of eutrophication on the taxonomic and functional homogenization of diatom communities. Surface sediment (n = 113) and plankton (summer and winter, n = 226) samples were obtained between 2009 and 2014. The weighted average (WA) method was used for the regression step (optimal and species tolerance), and classical and inverse regression models were tested for the calibration step for the proposition of the trophic index of diatoms and for the diatom-phosphorus transfer function model. Optimum and tolerances for total phosphorus were calculated for 58 (surface sediment) and 53 (plankton) diatom species. The model based on the surface sediment diatoms presented better ability (r2 0.71, p<0.001, RMSE 49.43 μg L-1) than phytoplankton diatom to propose the trophic diatom index of reservoirs (TDIR). The transfer function model showed high predictive ability (r2 0.80) and was based on 63 diatom species (su... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Eutrophic Utah Lake receives a large nutrient load from a variety of sources, includingtreated wastewater discharges, runoff and tributaries, recycling from bottom sediments andAtmospheric Deposition (AD). AD was the focus of this study and was comprised of twocomplementary parts. First was a study of nitrogen and phosphorus depositions from theatmosphere, and second was a study of phosphorous as contained in soils near Utah Lake viafractionation methods.The soil samples were found to contain approximately 1,000 mg-P/kg soil for totalphosphorus (TP). A separate phosphorus (P) fractionation gave slightly higher values, excludingthe residual P, we are 95% confident that one gram of sample soil contains between 2.2 and 4.3percent water soluble P, 0.6 to 1.1 percent loosely-bound P, 2.5 to 4.4 percent aluminum andiron-bound P, and 90.7 to 94.2 percent calcium-bound P.AD results indicate that during the period from April 1 to Nov 17, 2018, Utah Lakereceived approximately 58 tons of soluble reactive P, 153 tons of TP, 118 tons of nitrogen (N)from nitrate, and 387 tons of N from ammonium via AD.Nutrient quantities from AD are very large compared to the 17 ton/yr of P needed for aeutrophic loading to the lake. Because of the very large overall nutrient loading to Utah Lake, itis likely that some other limiting growth factors are controlling algal growth.