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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Requisitos de sustentabilidade para biocombustíveis e as normas do direito internacional / Sustainability requirements for biofuels and the rules of the international law

Correia, Bruna de Barros, 1986- 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Arnaldo César da Silva Walter, Kamyla Borges da Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:56:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correia_BrunadeBarros_M.pdf: 1779772 bytes, checksum: 3209feeddf2cd6208537ff2242ecd040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Frente às mudanças climáticas, a produção e o consumo de biocombustíveis têm despertado muito interesse em todo o mundo. Esse contexto fez com que surgissem compromissos para a produção e o uso dos biocombustíveis com a sustentabilidade. Princípios, critérios e indicadores de sustentabilidade são propostos e já são utilizados para monitorar a produção e o consumo de biocombustíveis através de iniciativas de sustentabilidade, cujo objetivo é evitar que atividades prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à sociedade sejam incorporadas ao processo produtivo. Apesar de muitos esforços, não há uma padronização quanto aos requisitos de sustentabilidade que devem ser considerados em tais iniciativas. Isso faz com que haja uma multiplicidade de critérios, os quais nem sempre visam o desenvolvimento sustentável e, conseqüentemente, podem contribuir para a criação de barreiras comerciais. Para evitar que sejam criadas medidas protecionistas, a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) proíbe a manutenção das barreiras não tarifárias quando não existirem mais as circunstâncias e objetivos que motivaram a sua criação, ou quando tais circunstâncias e objetivos possam ser atendidos de uma maneira menos restritiva ao comércio. Frente aos conflitos legais entre meio ambiente, direito trabalhista e comércio internacional, o objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar a consistência entre os requisitos de sustentabilidade estabelecidos por iniciativas para biocombustíveis e as normas da OMC. Para tanto, foram analisados princípios e critérios de sustentabilidade relacionados a três aspectos específicos: (a) redução das emissões de GEE; (b) proteção à biodiversidade; e (c) condições de trabalho na produção da biomassa / Abstract: This dissertation addresses the legal conflict between the international environmental law and the rules of the international trade. Due to climate change, the production and use of biofuels has aroused great interest worldwide and, consequently, the society has been concerned about the required commitment between bioenergy and sustainability. Principles, criteria and indicators of sustainability have been defined and have been used to monitor the production and use of biofuels. The initiatives regarding the sustainability of biofuels aim to prevent that detrimental practices to the environment and to the society would be incorporated into the production process. However, there are a multitude of sustainability criteria, which are not always focused on sustainable development and, consequently, may contribute to create barriers to trade. To avoid protectionist measures, the World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits the maintenance of non-tariff barriers if the goals and the circumstances that led to its creation no long exist, or if such circumstances and objectives can be met imposing less constraints to trade. Facing the legal conflict between environment, social issues and international trade, the present dissertation addresses the consistency between requirements of sustainability for biofuels and the WTO rules. In this sense, sustainability principles and criteria related to three aspects have been analyzed: (a) reduction of GHG emissions regarding fossil fuels use, (b) biodiversity protection, and (c) working conditions along the biomass production chain / Mestrado / Engenharia Mecanica / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
2

Regionalisation through economic integration in the Southern African Development Community SADC (SADC) / Amos Saurombe

Saurombe, Amos January 2011 (has links)
The regional economic community (REC) of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) compri'ses 15 Southern African countries. The' economic and political aspects of regional integration in SADC dictate the pace of integration while the influence of a legal regime for regional integration remains at the periphery. While the SADC Treaty and its Protocol on Trade are clear about the priority of economic integration; the full implementation of SADC's economic integration is still yet to be realised using these legal instruments. Regional economic integration is also a priority at both continental and global level. The legal instruments applicable at these levels are those established through the African Union (AU) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) respectively. Analysis of these external legal instruments is relevant because SADC Member States are signatories to agreements establishing these organisations·. Thus, rules based trade in SADC should be understood from a regional, continental and global perspective where a community must have well-structured and managed relations between itself and other legal systems as a necessary condition for its effectiveness. These structured relations refers to a legal and institutional framework that defines the relations between community and national laws, spelling out the modalities for implementing community law in Member States, defines the respective competencies of the community and Member States and provide rule based systems for resolution of conflicts. In setting the scene for an in-depth discussion of the legal and institutional framework for regional economic integration in SADC, this study presents the history of SADC, its political and economic characteristics that have shaped the legal aspects of trade within the region, the continent of Africa and the world at large. Within this context, the definition of regional integration is presented from a general and international understanding but ultimately gets narrowed down to what it means for Africa and SADC. The discussion on the · theories behind regional economic integration gives understanding to the integration approach employed in the organisation. South Africa's economic and political leadership is critical in the realisation of economic integration; hence this study acknowledges that without South Africa's full commitment; regional economic integration will suffer .a setback. Besides the challenge of implementing rules based trade in SADC, this study also identifies a number of obstacles to SADC regional economic integration and multiple memberships are identified as a: major stumbling block. A comparative study of SADC's institutional framework with that of the E1;Jropean Union· (EU) is undertaken to establish the rationale behind SADC's choice of utilising the EU model of integration. This study establishes the critical role institutions play in the implementation of treaty obligations as established by the agreements. The main lesson from this comparative study is that the EU institutions are allowed to fulfill their obligations of implementing treaty provisions, while SADC institutions are handicapped. The future of SADC is presented within the context of a set of recommendations that identifies the tripartite free trade area (FTA) that includes the East Africa Community (EAC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) as one of viable legal instrument for deeper integration in SADC and the continent of Africa. General recommendations are made on the need for reform of rules and principles that are necessary for the implementation of SADC Treaty regime as well as possible improvements that are important for the full realisation of regional economic integration. / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
3

Regionalisation through economic integration in the Southern African Development Community SADC (SADC) / Amos Saurombe

Saurombe, Amos January 2011 (has links)
The regional economic community (REC) of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) compri'ses 15 Southern African countries. The' economic and political aspects of regional integration in SADC dictate the pace of integration while the influence of a legal regime for regional integration remains at the periphery. While the SADC Treaty and its Protocol on Trade are clear about the priority of economic integration; the full implementation of SADC's economic integration is still yet to be realised using these legal instruments. Regional economic integration is also a priority at both continental and global level. The legal instruments applicable at these levels are those established through the African Union (AU) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) respectively. Analysis of these external legal instruments is relevant because SADC Member States are signatories to agreements establishing these organisations·. Thus, rules based trade in SADC should be understood from a regional, continental and global perspective where a community must have well-structured and managed relations between itself and other legal systems as a necessary condition for its effectiveness. These structured relations refers to a legal and institutional framework that defines the relations between community and national laws, spelling out the modalities for implementing community law in Member States, defines the respective competencies of the community and Member States and provide rule based systems for resolution of conflicts. In setting the scene for an in-depth discussion of the legal and institutional framework for regional economic integration in SADC, this study presents the history of SADC, its political and economic characteristics that have shaped the legal aspects of trade within the region, the continent of Africa and the world at large. Within this context, the definition of regional integration is presented from a general and international understanding but ultimately gets narrowed down to what it means for Africa and SADC. The discussion on the · theories behind regional economic integration gives understanding to the integration approach employed in the organisation. South Africa's economic and political leadership is critical in the realisation of economic integration; hence this study acknowledges that without South Africa's full commitment; regional economic integration will suffer .a setback. Besides the challenge of implementing rules based trade in SADC, this study also identifies a number of obstacles to SADC regional economic integration and multiple memberships are identified as a: major stumbling block. A comparative study of SADC's institutional framework with that of the E1;Jropean Union· (EU) is undertaken to establish the rationale behind SADC's choice of utilising the EU model of integration. This study establishes the critical role institutions play in the implementation of treaty obligations as established by the agreements. The main lesson from this comparative study is that the EU institutions are allowed to fulfill their obligations of implementing treaty provisions, while SADC institutions are handicapped. The future of SADC is presented within the context of a set of recommendations that identifies the tripartite free trade area (FTA) that includes the East Africa Community (EAC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) as one of viable legal instrument for deeper integration in SADC and the continent of Africa. General recommendations are made on the need for reform of rules and principles that are necessary for the implementation of SADC Treaty regime as well as possible improvements that are important for the full realisation of regional economic integration. / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

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