Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1942 S4 / Master of Science

No description available.

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1956 A48 / Master of Science

This dissertation considers the interconnections between trade and transportation. Through various theoretical and empirical analyses, I provide novel evidence of the simultaneity of trade and transportation, of spillover effects across integrated transport markets, and of the influence of the international transport sector on trade policy effectiveness and natural disaster induced trade disruptions. In the first substantive chapter, I develop a model of international trade and transportation. Accounting for the joint-production present in the international container shipping industry, I illustrate that freight rates adjust to differences in the international demands for transport and can result in balanced or imbalanced equilibrium trade in the presence of asymmetric freight rates. The empirical results exhibit the simultaneity of international trade and transportation costs and show that the dependence of transport costs on the trade imbalance can lead to spillover effects across bilateral export and import markets. In the second substantive chapter, I investigate the effects of maritime trade policy on bilateral trade in the presence of trade imbalances. Using the previously developed model, I show that the trade elasticities with respect to carrier costs vary systematically across transport markets, bilateral trade imbalances and differentiated products. Empirically, I estimate the varying effects of an EU environmental policy on U.S.-EU trade and provide strong evidence in support of the theoretical results. In the third substantive chapter, I analyze the dynamics and spatial distribution of the trade effects induced by natural disasters. I develop a spatial gravity model of international trade and apply the model to monthly US port level trade data. Empirically, I estimate the dynamic evolution of trade effects caused by Hurricane Katrina differentiating trade disruptions at the local port level. The estimates point to the static and dynamic resilience of international trade. While ports closest to Katrina's epicenter experience significant short-run reductions that can be of permanent nature, international trade handled by nearby ports rises in response to this disaster, both in the short- and in the long-run. Overall, the analysis underlines the significance of local infrastructure networks to reduce the devastation inflicted by natural disasters. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

This thesis examines various features of the market for petroleum reserves, in theory and empirically for the time period 1947-1970 in Alberta, Canada. The main thrust of analysis is directed towards the industry supply process in the reserves market which results from the activities of exploration companies. In particular the thesis focusses attention on the activity of New Field Wildcatting. A totally new data bank regarding oil and gas exploration in Alberta is established, containing many items of information which have net previously been available and whose lack was considered a major stumbling block in analysing the petroleum exploration process. For example, the data files show the direction of search of exploratory wells, towards either oil or gas, the class of well which discovered each petroleum pool, the company which was the principal operator of the discovery well, the cost of wells, etc. Thus, it was possible to analyse the discovery sequence from well class, etc. to the discovered pool and its detailed reserves characteristics. With this data bank an original and unique approach amongst studies of oil and gas supply and exploration was possible. The study isolates the geological and economic factors which contribute to the incentives and costs of participants in the market for reserves. It should be noted that the data bank, on computer tape and described in a 130 page manual, can be obtained upon request from the author. The hitherto unavailable detail of this data invites further analysis. On the demand side of the reserves market, data was generated which allowed a detailed estimation of the price incentive to explore for reserves. This included consideration of production delays, expected well productivities, royalties, operating costs, joint products, income taxes, etc. It is established that New Field Wildcat wells may be viewed as the primary discovery activity of the petroleum reserves market. A main objective of the thesis is to define the components of the economic market for reserves so that empirical tests may be conducted to demonstrate the economic linkages between the incentives to explore for oil and gas and the rates of wildcat drilling and subsequent reserves discovered. This objective is met by providing an extensive descriptive and statistical backdrop of the oil and natural gas industry in Alberta, developing theoretical economic models of petroleum exploration and production, and then fitting econometric equations to estimate the elasticity and shifting of the industry' s short run petroleum reserves supply function. It is shown that the short run elasticity between the reserves price incentive to explore and New Field Wildcatting for oil averaged between 0.3 and 0.4 during the period in Alberta. The comparable elasticity for natural gas was around 0.1. We stress, however, that these elasticities may be rather unimportant out of their context of a shifting supply function. They do not remain constant as a region is depleted and the rate at which the supply function shifts as a region is explored will be more significant in determining the longer run petroleum supply than the short run elasticity. Such shifting of the supply function is also estimated. Secondary objectives are to examine the exploration characteristics of large companies compared to the others. Statistical analysis shows that the "Big Eight" companies have realized higher success ratios in New Field Wildcatting, have discovered much larger oil and gas pools and have done considerably more geophysics on their land holdings than other companies. Many other features of the petroleum discovery process, such as the statistical nature of the populations of pools discovered in sequential time periods, are also examined. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The goal of this thesis is to present a meta-analysis of studies that are focused on the relation between the international trade flow and the trade costs. The effect of trade costshasbecomeoneofthekeyelementstoresolvethesixmajor puzzles in the bilateral trade flow. I examine 1,090 estimates of the trade cost effect reported in 58 studies, codify 51 aspects of study design that may influencetheestimates.Iuse meta-regression analysis to investigate why trade costs effects vary. The results suggest that different methods and mainly data characteristics systematically affect the estimated trade costs effects. I find evidence for publication selection bias by using the appropriate tests. The authors of primary studies tend to report preferentially large estimates of the elasticity of trade with respect to trade costs. The evidence for publication selection bias is stronger for studies reported in peer-reviewed journals thanfor unpublished studies.

Cette thèse s’appuie sur une base de données que j’ai constituée. Cette base de donnée regroupe des statistiques commerciales, des PIB, des taux des change et des tariffs douaniers, mais aussi des variables couramment utilisées dans les études basées sur le modèle de gravité : distance, liens coloniaux et linguistiques. Dans le chapitre 2, je montre que la mondialisation du dix-neuvième siècle avait déjà débuté vers 1840 en Europe, alors qu’elle a seulement commencé à la fin du siècle pour le reste du monde. Dans le chapitre 3, je montre que l’effet frontière a été réduit de moitié pendant la Première et pendant la Seconde mondialisation. Je montre aussi que l’effet de la distance a approximativement doublé dans le même temps. Dans le chapitre 4, je montre que l’élasticité du commerce aux couts de commerce (i.e. trade elasticity) n’a pas changé de manière significative entre le début et la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Dans le chapitre 5, je montre que la Grande Bretagne a bénéficié de la plus grande part de l’effet de création de commerce du au canal de Suez, alors que la cote occidentale de l’Amérique Latine a bénéficié d’environ 40% de l’effet sur le commerce du canal de Panama. Je montre aussi que les estimations de l’élasticité de la distance dans la dimension temporelle rendent possible de réconcilier l’élasticité de la distance avec les estimations communes de ses composants : l’élasticité du commerce aux couts de commerce et l’élasticité des couts de commerce à la distance maritime. / This thesis relies on a data set that I put together. The data set gathers trade statistics, GDP, exchange rate and tariff data as well as gravity-related variables including distance, colonial and linguistic links. In chapter 2, I show that the globalization of the nineteenth century had already begun in the 1840s in Europe, while it only began in the late nineteenth century for the rest of the world. In chapter 3, I show that the border effect was halved over the course of both the First and the Second Globalization. I also find that the distance effect roughly doubled during both periods of globalization. In chapter 4, I show that the trade elasticity did not change significantly over the course of the First Globalization. In chapter 5, I show that Britain benefited from most of the trade creating effect of the Suez Canal, while the western coast of Latin America benefited from about 40% of the trade effect of the Panama Canal. I also show that time dimension estimates of the distance elasticity make it possible to reconcile the distance elasticity with the common estimates for its components: the trade elasticity and the elasticity of trade costs to shipping distance.

Costs and production records from six 1/ Virginia meat packers and processors were analyzed by departments to obtain the interfirm variation in man-hours required and in the costs of labor and selected resources. In addition, four firms that were unable to supply departmental data supplied total plant labor records and selected other costs. These four firms were combined with the other six and analyzed for interfirm variation of the selected resources for the total operation. The total analysis included the following costs in addition to labor efficiency: labor, supply, maintenance, office, insurance, sales, depreciation, rent, and utility. Graphic analysis was used to investigate relationships between volume and labor efficiency and volume and costs. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated to measure the variation that existed among firms. Considerable interfirm and interdepartmental variation was found. In most instances the coefficient of variation exceeded 30. In the departmental analysis there was a relationship between volume and labor efficiency only in calf kill and fabricating. There was no meaningful relationship between volume and costs in the departmental analysis. In the total analysis there was neither a meaningful relationship between volume and labor efficiency nor volume and costs. All firms were inefficient in some areas of operation. The norms and measures of variation as discovered should prove to be valuable management tools when used with individual plant records to delineate problem areas within a firm. / Master of Science