Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

This dissertation is a quantitative study of the spatial business strategies of 130 late medieval and 16th-century European commercial and banking firms, the business networks of which have been put together for a structural analysis of the European city network between ca. 1300 and ca. 1600. Concretely this investigation has been carried out through the application of an interlocking network model – specifically developed for the study of the present-day global city network produced by the office networks of business service firms – to this historical case study, in order to challenge predominantly hierarchical conceptualisations of city networks which are often influenced by central place theory. After a methodological section, in which solutions are designed for reconciling the geographical model with the particularities of historical research, a first part of the analysis focuses on agency within the network, identifying and reconstructing the multiple spatial strategies used by the different agents. In a second part the overall structure and dynamics in the network are investigated, revealing the operation of Christaller's traffic principle, as well as a cyclical variation in emphasis on continental and maritime nodes within the European city network. More generally, this study demonstrates that the functioning of dynamic transnational networks based upon complementarity and cooperation rather than competition is not limited to our contemporary globalised world, but can also be found in particular historical societies.

This thesis explores the commercial links between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, with a focus on the Scottish mercantile presence in France’s Atlantic ports, particularly during periods of domestic and international upheaval. This study questions long-held assumptions regarding this relationship, asserting that the ‘Auld Alliance’ continued throughout the period, despite the widely held belief that it ended in 1560. Such assumptions have led scholars largely to ignore the continuing commercial relationship between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, focusing instead on the ‘golden age’ of the Auld Alliance or the British relationship with France in the eighteenth century. Such assumptions have been fostered by the methodological approaches used in the study of economic history to date. While I acknowledge the relevance of traditional quantitative approaches to economic history, such as those pioneered by T. C. Smout and which continue to be followed by historians such as Philipp Rössner, I follow alternative methods that have been recently employed by scholars such as Henriette de Bruyn Kops, Sheryllynne Haggerty, Xavier Lamikiz, Allan Macinnes and Steve Murdoch. These scholars have pioneered methodologies that prioritise private sources, allowing us to delve into the motivations and actions of the individuals who actually effected trade, be they merchants, factors, skippers or manufacturers. The core of my research has therefore entailed the discovery and use of previously untapped archival material including account books, letter books and correspondence, which illuminate the participation of these individuals in international trade. Such a study, while filling a specific gap in our understanding of Scotland’s overseas relations, applies a more social methodology to this topic, suggesting that scholars’ approaches need to be fundamentally altered if we are truly to understand the whole picture of Scotland’s, or indeed any nation’s, commercial relationships or wider economic position.