Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-17T12:31:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ígor Santos Katz.pdf: 2651768 bytes, checksum: 87ae1987965590cd3ef9fc0c57bbd73c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T12:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ígor Santos Katz.pdf: 2651768 bytes, checksum: 87ae1987965590cd3ef9fc0c57bbd73c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / The standardization of international trade is a global reality where we find traces since the period of Lex Mercatoria until more recently, in the 1920s, the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) wanted to harmonize the main terms of trade that afterward would be called as Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), given that the current version is the 2010 and include 11 terms (EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP e DDP). The are International Organization such as WCO (Word Customs Organization) and OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operational and Development, among others, working hard to harmonize the rule of international trade. Regarding the Brazilian rules and the harmonization of international trade rules, a great part of militate in the customs area believes that the standardization of basic proceeds of international trade will bring greater legal security on business practice and maybe would avoid some questions that sometimes seems to be peculiar to Brazilian market. Proof of this, occurs when the Brazilian buyer requires to the European or American seller to issue the commercial invoice in accordance with the Brazilian regulation in order to avoid customs penalties and extra costs in the process, such as storage and demurrage. In the relentless pursuit of trade simplification and good-faith in the international trade relation is when we actually looks in the subject with vision that the importer and exporter could have more predictability of the process of customs clearance / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar alguns aspectos da legislação aduaneira frente à necessidade de harmonização do comércio internacional. Em hipótese alguma visa apenas reduzir a termo tudo aquilo que já se conhece ou que já se fala atualmente sobre esta, que é uma das mais antigas atividades sobre a qual se tem informação. A padronização do comércio internacional é uma realidade global sobre a qual encontra-se vestígios desde a época da antiga Lex Mercatoria. Mais recentemente, na década de 1920, a Câmara de Comércio Internacional (CCI) buscou harmonizar os principais termos de comércio, que posteriormente seriam chamados de International Commercial Terms (Incoterms). Sua versão atual é de 2010 e contempla 11 termos (EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP e DDP). Existem organizações internacionais como a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas (OMA) e a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), dentre outras, trabalhando com afinco para uniformizar as regras de comércio no âmbito internacional. No tocante às regras brasileiras e à uniformização das regras de comércio internacional, boa parte dos que militam na área aduaneira acreditam que a padronização de procedimentos básicos do comércio internacional traria maior segurança jurídica na prática e que, talvez, evitaria questionamentos que, às vezes, parecem peculiares ao mercado brasileiro. Prova disto ocorre quando o comprador brasileiro requer ao vendedor europeu ou americano a emissão de fatura comercial de acordo com a regulamentação brasileira com a intenção de evitar multas aduaneiras e, custos extras no processo relacionados, por exemplo, à armazenagem e demurrage. Na busca incessante de facilitar o comércio e a boa-fé nas relações de comércio internacional é que se debruça no tema com o objetivo de que o importador e o exportador possam ter maior previsibilidade do processo aduaneiro

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

This thesis analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of various types of eco-labels, focusing primarily on differences between mandatory and voluntary eco-labeling programs. I argue that many of the problems with eco-labeling could be addressed by improving regulations. The current regulation of eco-labeling in the United States is discussed, especially the shortcomings of the FTC’s Green Guides. I recommend creating enforceable national legislation to regulate environmental claims that includes involvement of key stakeholders, a list of acceptable environmental claims, enforceable national definitions of environmental terms, an avenue for manufacturers and consumers to challenge environmental claims, consumer education, and periodic review and revision.

The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics. Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies. / La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas. Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva.

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

This research paper looks at the issues that arise when implementing the regulatory regime governing street trading in the city of Durban. It does three things. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the context of the street trading policy environment, in an attempt to set out the various discourses surrounding street trading regulation in the eThekwini municipal area from colonial times till the present. Second, the paper looks at the institutional profile of street trading and related issues within the operations of the city bureaucracy as part of the argument that its structural location determines, the attention and support that the sector gets. Consideration of related institutional variables such as location, budgeting, management strategy, and human resources revealed that the paradigm shift proposed by informal economy policy has occurred to some extent. However there are views that the organizational logic and culture of the municipality undermines speedy problem-solving mechanisms. Third, the paper explores issues that have to do with the impact of the changing regulation and institutional environment on the operations and livelihoods of street traders. Regulation is operationalised as registration, spatial allocation, enforcement and system capacity. The related experience of the regulatory regime suggests that implementation remains a problem in transforming a progressive policy intention. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Univ., Diss.--Oxford, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [253] - 263.

Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Innsbruck, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [261] - 275.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. [142] - 150.