Trata-se de uma investigação de desenvolvimento metodológico cujo objetivo foram adaptação, validação e verificar a fidedignidade do Inventário Multidimensional do Estilo de Dirigir (MDSI – Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory) para a língua portuguesa, aplicada para condutores que possuem Carteira Nacional de Habilitação ou Permissão para Dirigir. No instrumento foram realizados os procedimentos de tradução - versão e retroversão; analise do instrumento de acordo com os critérios comportamental, de objetividade, de clareza, de simplicidade, de relevância, de precisão, de variabilidade, de modalidade, bem como critérios de amplitude e de equilíbrio; adequação do construto; análise semântica por parte dos alunos-avaliadores; definição e delimitação de amostras; escolha do método de aplicação do instrumento; e aplicação do MDSI. Através do programa de estatística “SPSS” os 44 itens definiram os 08 fatores: estressado, agressivo, negligente, perigoso, senso-emocional, preventivo, relaxante e desatento. A análise dos 206 questionários aplicados nos motoristas da cidade de Ribeirão Preto e região, utilizando uma escala Likert, variando de nunca até sempre, concluiu que quando os condutores apresentarem características de serem negligentes, percebe-se que há maior possibilidade de ser um motorista relaxante e menor possibilidade de ser um motorista preventivo; conforme aumenta o índice do motorista perigoso, maiores serão os índices do senso-emocional e desatento e menor o índice do fator preventivo; o motorista preventivo está negativamente associado ao fator desatento; os motoristas homens têm comprovadamente índices mais elevados nos estilo relaxante; as mulheres apresentam maiores índices no estilo desatento; na variável idade, quando mais alta a idade do sujeito maior será o seu índice do estilo preventivo e quando menor for a idade maiores serão os índices dos fatores perigoso, senso-emocional e desatento. Foi realizada a análise de fidedignidade de cada item, onde 77,27% não apresentaram variação significativa; na análise da fidedignidade de cada sujeito: apresentou um alto índice de correlação de 0,6198. O teste MDSI deve ser aplicado em todos os motoristas que irão renovar a Carteira Nacional de Habilitação ou que tiveram sua Carteira Nacional de Habilitação suspensa ou cassada, pois servirá de aconselhamento, sem caráter reprovativo, apenas informativo. / This is about an inquiry of methodological development whose objective was adaptation, validation and to verify the reliability of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI - Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory) for the Portuguese language, applied in conductors who possess National Wallet of Qualification or Permission To Drive. In the instrument had been carried through the translation procedures – in both directions; analyzes of the instrument in accordance with the criteria of behavior, of objectivity, clarity, simplicity, relevance, precision, variability, modality, as well as criteria of amplitude and balance; adequacy of construct; analysis semantics on the part of the pupil-appraisers; definition and delimitation of samples; choice of the method of application of the instrument; and application of the MDSI. Through the program of the 44 statistics \"SPSS\" item had defined the 08 factors: stressed, aggressive, negligent, dangerous, sense-emotional, preventive, relaxing and neglect. The analysis of the 206 questionnaires applies in drivers of Ribeirão Preto city, using a Likert scale, varied of never until always, concluded that when the conductors to present characteristics to be negligent, perceived that he has greater possibility of being a relaxing driver and lesser possibility of being a preventive driver; as it increases the index of the dangerous driver, bigger will be the indices of sense-emotional and neglect and lesser the index of the preventive factor; the preventive driver is negatively associated with the negligent factor; the men drivers confirmedly have elevated indices in the relaxing style; the women present greater indices in the negligent style; in the variable age, when higher the age of the citizen biggest will be its index of the preventive style and when lesser it will be the age biggest will be the indices of the factors dangerous, sense-emotional and neglect. The analysis of reliability of each item was carried through, where 77.27% had not presented significant variation; in the analysis of the reliability of each citizen: it presented a high index of correlation of 0,6198. Test MDSI must be applied in all the drivers who will go to renew the Wallet National of Qualification or that they had its National Wallet Qualification suspended or annulled, therefore will serve of advising , without reprobation character, only informative.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low and middle-income countries. Traffic police reports indicate that RTAs are amongst the commonest health challenges Swaziland faces. Assessing the magnitude of the challenge, understanding the impact on public health and gaining more insight into the actual risk factors involved in RTAs, and especially RTAs that result in serious injuries and fatalities, is important for the road transport authority, the traffic police and for public health planners, in order to improve road safety, to develop effective countermeasures and to improve preparedness for effective health care, respectively. There is an insufficiency of studies on risk factors associated with RTAs, and particularly those associated with serious and fatal RTAs, in Sub-Saharan countries in general and Swaziland specifically. Manzini, a busy small city in Swaziland with a population of 61000 and an estimate of approximately 12000 vehicles on its roads daily is the setting for this study. RTAs in Manzini, are considered as a major public health problem with many people either seriously injured or killed on the roads annually. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the human (e.g. age, gender, speeding and drunk driving), vehicle (e.g. vehicle types and vehicle defects), infrastructural (e.g. type of roads, road surface defects and road lighting) and environmental risk factors (e.g. rain and darkness) associated with serious and fatal RTAs in Manzini city and surrounding suburbs in Swaziland. Methodology: A case control study, based on data collected from RTA records at Manzini Traffic Police Station, was conducted. The study population was all RTAs in Manzini, with cases being RTAs that resulted in serious or fatal injuries, while RTAs with no injuries (vehicle and property damage only) and minor injuries were categorised as controls. A sample size of 294 consisting of all 143 RTAs with fatal and serious injury that occurred from July 2013 to June 2015 in Manzini city as cases and a random sample of 151 controls from amongst the minor injury and property damage only RTAs, was selected. A standardised data extraction tool was used to collect data from routine traffic police records on all RTAs. Frequencies were calculated for categorical variables. Numerical variables were summarised mathematically, via their central tendencies and distribution as well as collapsed into meaningful categories. Bivariate analysis to ascertain odds ratios was undertaken and all risk factors that showed a significant association with severe and fatal RTAs were further assessed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Ethical approval for the study was secured from the Swaziland National Ethics Committee and the University of the Western Cape Research and Ethics committee. Results: Factors that had an unconfounded association on multivariate analysis with serious/fatal RTAs, compared to minor RTAs, were: male drivers (AOR = 5.48; 95% CI = 1.63 – 18.43); drivers not wearing a seatbelt (AOR = 5.07; 95% CI = 2.39 – 10.74); pedestrian error (AOR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.46 – 4.86); accidents occurring on weekends (AOR 3.62; 95% CI = 2.07- 6.33); and accidents occurring between 18:00 – 23:59 time of the day (AOR = 11.68; 95% CI = 4.49 - 30.39). Other factors such as: age of driver, no driver's license at the accident scene, drunk-driving, seasons of the year, driver error, vehicle type, vehicle defect, road surface type, road surface condition, weather condition, street light condition and urban/rural location were not found to be associated with serious/fatal RTAs in our study. Limitations Limitations of the study were that some data collected at the scene of the accident were incomplete and not collected in a standardised manner (alcohol use, speeding, vehicle defects, road defects and environmental factors) and that there was probable misclassification of some serious/fatal RTAs as minor ones and under-reporting of minor RTAs. Also several variables which may affect the severity of RTAs, such as educational level, socioeconomic status, medical illness, marital status and emotional status of the driver, were not routinely collected by the traffic police department and hence were not assessed. Conclusions and Recommendations: Modifiable risk factors that had an unconfounded positive association with serious/fatal RTAs were not using a seatbelt, night-time driving, weekend driving and pedestrian error, while male gender might be a proxy for reckless driving. Hence, education programmes for drivers and the public on behavioural change encouragement, improving pedestrians' road safety by provision of pedestrian sidewalks and crossing sites, coupled with increased traffic law enforcement at critical days and times, may result in reduction of serious/fatal RTAs.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Eng (Transportation Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

More and more, accident studies conclude that accident-involved individuals can be identified by their personal characteristics and background. The problem of this study was to compare drivers who had incurred more than their share of accidents as opposed to drivers with relatively few accidents during a three year period of initial bus driving experience, using psychological tests and biographical data. Nine areas of biographical data and twenty-nine psychological test variables were analyzed from a group of seventy-three bus drivers. This psychological test battery, used at selection time, consisted of the Wonderlic Personnel Test, the American Transit Association Test, the Kuder Preference Record - Vocational, and a personality questionnaire. The top and bottom 20% of drivers in an accident distribution, involving all collisions, were established for comparison. Only four differences were significant dealing with the tests alone. It was found that the low accident bus driver has a higher intelligence factor, although most of the low accident group still fall in the lower average range of the general population. Minimum intelligence test scores were determined for selection purposes. The low accident driver has less interest in social service type of work and is not as strong in tolerance as the high accident driver. Dealing with the biographical data it was found that the low accident driver has been a resident in the city in which he is driving for a longer period of time, has had more previous commercial driving experience, has had fewer jobs in the past and has no recent work history of being in business for himself. Further indications, although lacking required statistical significance, are that the low accident driver tends to have more dependents, a better education, a better credit rating and is more likely to be a home owner. It was determined that the accident pattern forms early in service and that drivers with a record of repeated accidents in any one unit of time would repeat the accidents in another unit of time. It was suggested that a twelve month probationary period be in effect for all drivers. It was also suggested that a re-training program might be effective at the end of twelve months of service especially for those drivers having more than their share of accidents. An important result of this study was to point out the increasing importance of biographical data in determining characteristics of accident-involved bus drivers. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

A large percentage of automobile accidents in city traffic occur at speeds below 15 mph. Unfortunately there is a scarcity of experimental crash data at these low speeds to help investigators to reconstruct accidents. Accident reconstruction experts have consequently attached a low level of confidence to speed predictions from vehicle crush at the low end of the speed spectrum. The need for more experimental crash data, especially in a low speed range, has repeatedly been mentioned by accident investigators. The University of British Columbia Accident Research Croup has constructed a crash test facility in conjunction with the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia to address this need. The lCBC-UBC barrier is a low speed crash test facility. A description of the ICBC-UBC crash barrier, its systems and crash testing techniques at the ICBC-UBC facility are presented in this thesis. Also multiple impacts on the same vehicle are investigated to see if this technique provided accumulated crush data that reproduced known high speed crashes. In addition, the preliminary findings are presented on the impact speed to initiate permanent crush and subsequent implications toward vehicle crush characteristics in a low speed range. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Conventional road safety models rely on historical crash data. Locations with high crash injury statistics are given primary interventions. However, crash data are subject to errors, under-reportings, inaccuracy, and requires years to get updated, as crash events are infrequent and partly random(Gettman, Pu, Sayed and Shelby, 2008), as well as road conditions might change. With the advances in connected vehicle technologies, vehicles can be used as mobile sensors that collects driver behavior information. And if found correlated with the crash data, the driver behavior indices can act as safety surrogate measures. This dissertation focuses first on presenting an algorithm for mapping a vehicle sensing big dataset to a digital road network, in a metropolitan city, using the accompanied GPS trajectories. This is a challenging task since the data collected from the on-board-diagnostic port of the vehicle is sampled at a low ping rate, adding to that the excess of GPS noise in urban canyons, which makes the map matching problem even harder. Next, a spatial correlation study is presented. It investigates the spatial relationship between the driver behavior indices (i.e. speed parameters, hard braking and hard acceleration) and crashes (crash frequencies and crash rates, normalized with traffic volume). Highways and non-highway roads are bucketed separately. The other focus of this dissertation is developing an injury-prediction network screening model, that provide safety ranking of road intersections. Novel explanatory variables are derived from the telematics data, such as intersection traffic maneuvers and traffic conflicts. The non-linearity between the explanatory variables as well as the spatial dependency between road intersection is also tested.

Bibliography: leaves 124-147 / BACKGROUND The leading and increasing contributor to the regional and global disease burden that leads to death and disability is represented by road accidents. An enormous toll on individuals together with communities and national economies has been observed because of the occurrence of road accidents. AIM The study developed guidelines to reduce road accidents amongst automobile drivers in Botswana. METHODS Study design The study was conceptualised using Haddon's theory and the mixed-method sequential explanatory design was utilized to conduct the study. Collection of data for this study was done over a period of time in two consecutive phases. v Study setting The study took place in Gaborone, and the study was conducted at Broadhurst Police Headquarters, Directorate of transport station, and the University of Botswana. Data Collection methods: The data for this study were collected through the usage of focus group interviews and document analysis using a checklist. The first phase involved collecting quantitative data through document analysis of 400 police records using a checklist. The second phase took place in Gaborone at the University of Botswana. It involved collecting qualitative data using two focus group interviews with various stakeholders like traffic police, third party claim officers, and emergency nurses/doctors who have been in contact with people involved in road traffic accidents. Study Population: The study population included traffic accident victims' documents at the police headquarters for Gaborone and Francistown, police and traffic officers, lawyers/third party claims officers, and emergency department staff such as nurses and doctors working in Gaborone and Francistown. Data analysis: A checklist was used in transforming observations of found categories into quantitative statistical data. Data generated from the content analysis were transformed into quantitative statistical data using a checklist. Quantitative data were entered and analysed principally using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 27) software to generate graphs and tables. Inconsistencies of the data set was managed by cleaning and editing the data. The data that were missing were not statistically imputed. The relationships of independent variables based on Haddon Matrix-like, drunk driving, unlicensed drivers, over speeding, deaths, and injuries were analysed against the dependent variable of having a road traffic accident using logistic regression. Qualitative vi data from focus group interviews was transcribed verbatim using a transcription protocol. Using transcription protocol ensured that transcription is done consistently and is of the appropriate type for analytic aims. Tesch’s framework for qualitative data analysis was used. UNISA, Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness, and The Ministry of Defence, Justice, and Security granted the researcher the permission to conduct the study. Results The study found that most accidents are caused by the drivers’ carelessness followed by animals, both domestic and wild. The accidents had an impact on the health of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. The accidents resulted in fatalities and lower limb fractures, upper limb fractures, and brain injuries. Over the past five years, Gaborone and Serowe recorded the highest cases of road traffic accidents. Most of the accidents occurred where there were no junction. Conclusion It is envisioned that the guidelines informed by research and literature will ensure a decrease in road traffic accidents and consequently fatalities and injuries among Botswana communities. / Health Studies / D. Phil. (Public Health)

This study emphasizes the extreme variability present in traffic speed studies and the need for high resolution traffic and weather data in order to understand the interaction between traffic speeds and weather. I analyzed the impact rainfall has on roadway traffic speeds along I-65 in Indiana for the month of June 2018 and attempted to leverage this information to model and predict traffic speeds. To develop a statistical distributional understanding of the difference between traffic speeds under rain and non-rain conditions, Quantile-Quantile plots were generated in addition to fitting both scenarios to a gamma distribution. To compare how traffic speeds react to various precipitation intensities, boxplots were generated for comparison. Then, a baseline speed was defined using the median traffic speed under non-rain scenarios and was used to calculate speed reductions from the baseline at varying precipitation intensities. Finally, an XGBoost model is developed to attempt traffic speed predictions. There are five key findings indicated by this study. First, the non-rain traffic speeds above the 5th percentile are typically faster than their rain speed counterparts at comparable quantile levels. Second, traffic speeds exhibit a high amount of variance at varying precipitation intensity levels. Third, the gamma distribution does not suit traffic speed distributions at all locations and times of day under rain or non-rain scenarios. This result is consistent with previous findings that suggest traffic speed interactions are highly variable and based on a variety of factors that are hard to account for. Fourth, weekday traffic speeds from 1600 to 2200 UTC are the most strongly impacted across all regions during rain events seeing speed reductions of up to 10 mph, this is consistent with previous findings. Finally, the XGBoost model did not perform adequately in the configuration used in this study. The poor performance of the XGBoost model was somewhat anticipated as this study did not have access to traffic volume information and instead leverages proxy variables to account for this. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for finer scale studies on traffic—weather interactions and provides methodology that can be extended to other weather and traffic datasets.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Road accident reconstruction and simulation investigates the accident causes, suggests improvements in vehicle design and investigates failures in vehicle control and safety systems such as the anti-lock brake system (ABS) and air-bag deployment. This thesis focuses on analysis of crash data from vehicles not equipped with collision warning systems. Vehicle parameters before and during an accident can be recorded using an Event Data Recorder (EDR) which helps in reconstructing an accident. This tool, installed in the vehicle, records different crash parameters like vehicle speed, lateral and longitudinal acceleration, seat-belt status, and air-bag deployment over a period that spens the accident. This thesis focuses on accident reconstruction with and without EDR data. A simulation software tool called HVE is used to visually recreate the reconstructed accidents. HVE is a platform to execute different accident simulation methods which are used for specific types of simulations. Two such simulation methods, EDSMAC4 and EDHIS, are discussed in this thesis. The former is an important method for vehicle-to-vehicle collisions and the latter is used for analysis of human behavior involved in the accident. Three real-life accidents were chosen for reconstruction and simulation. They were Bus and Car accident, Three Vehicle accident and Intersection accident. These particular accidents were chosen to represent a diverse selection of accidents based on the following parameters: the locations of the accidents, the vehicles involved in each accident, and the data available. A qualitative analysis of vehicle occupant's behavior is also presented for one of the three accidents. The thesis discusses in detail the reconstruction of these three accidents. Throughout these simulations, the thesis illustrates the advantages and limitations of the EDR and HVE simulation software for accident reconstruction and simulation.

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