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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Characterization of Small Molecules that Reduce CUG Repeat RNA in Myotonic Dystrophy

Siboni, Ruth 18 August 2015 (has links)
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is an inherited disease characterized by myotonia, insulin resistance, cardiomyopathy, and cognitive deficiencies. DM is a triplet repeat disorder, meaning that affected individuals carry anywhere between 50 and thousands of CTG/CCTG repeats in their genetic makeup. When transcribed into RNA, these repeats become “toxic” in the sense that they serve to bind and sequester important RNA binding proteins. One such family of proteins, the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family, is important in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, and thus the sequestration of MBNL proteins leads to a number of mis-splicing events. Many of these events are directly correlated to DM symptoms. While there is no known cure for DM, the use of small molecules to treat symptoms is a well-characterized therapeutic tactic with immense promise. Pentamidine is a small molecule that was found to reverse mis-splicing in both DM cell and mouse models. Mechanistically, this molecule is particularly unique because unlike many small molecules, which physically displace MBNL from the toxic CUG RNA, pentamidine reduces CUG RNA levels, possibly through inhibition of CTG transcription. Chapter I summarizes alternative splicing mechanisms and regulation, defines MBNL protein structure and function, describes DM pathophysiology and molecular mechanism, and finally provides an overview of pentamidine characterization as a small molecule therapeutic. Chapter II reports the development of an in vitro T7 transcription assay, which allowed us to compare the relative efficacy by which pentamidine is able to inhibit the transcription of various repeat and non-repeat DNA sequences. This chapter further reports the characterization of a series of methylene linker analogues of pentamidine, which were also characterized through the T7 transcription assay. Chapter III details our thorough structure-activity relationship investigation of bisbenzamidine analogues of pentamidine, both in in vivo and in vitro models. Chapter IV describes our characterization of actinomycin D, a known transcription inhibitor and chemotherapeutic, within the DM disease framework. Chapter V summarizes these data, which ultimately serve as a proof of concept for the potential of CTG transcription inhibition in therapeutic contexts and broadly describe their application in other repeat diseases. This dissertation contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01
2

Investigating the function of histone H2A.Z in the human genome and mechanisms of chromatin incorporation / Investigation des fonctions de l'histone H2A.Z dans le génome humain et de ses mécanismes d'incorporation dans la chromatine

Lashgari, Anahita January 2017 (has links)
Abstract : Regulation of transcription is crucial for the appropriate development and function of eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into a dynamic, complex, nucleoprotein structure called chromatin. Chromatin structure provides markedly restricted access of transcription factors to regulatory sites. Several mechanisms have evolved to modulate chromatin dynamics in order to regulate proper gene expression. One of the most intriguing mechanisms that modulate chromatin structure is the exchange of canonical histones with histone variants by chromatin remodeling complexes. Among the histone variants, H2A.Z is an essential regulator of gene transcription. H2A.Z is enriched at regulatory regions but significant levels of the histone variant can also be found within gene bodies. However, the role of H2A.Z within the gene bodies is still not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that active recruitment of H2A.Z within gene bodies is required to induce gene repression. In contrast to this view, we show that global inhibition of transcription results in H2A.Z accumulation at gene transcription start sites, as well as within gene bodies. Our results indicate that accumulation of H2A.Z within repressed genes can also be a consequence of the absence of gene transcription rather than an active mechanism required to establish repression. The second part of my Ph.D. project was to investigate the potential role of BRD8 - a subunit of the p400/Tip60 complex - in p53-mediated signaling. We find that knockdown of BRD8 leads to p21 induction and concomitant cell cycle arrest in G1/S. We further demonstrate that the p53 transcriptional pathway is activated in BRD8-depleted cells, and this accounts for upregulation of not only p21 but also proapoptotic genes, an event that leads to consequent apoptosis. Importantly, the DNA damage response is induced upon depletion of BRD8 and DNA damage foci are detectable in BRD8-depleted cells under normal growth conditions, as indicated by immunostaining for γ-H2AX. Notably, H4K16 acetylation is reduced in BRD8-depleted cells suggesting that BRD8 may have a role in recruiting and/or stabilizing the p400/Tip60 complex within chromatin, thus facilitating DNA repair. Consistent with the activated DNA damage response, we find that in BRD8-depleted cells, CHK2 is activated but, surprisingly, CHK1 protein levels are severely reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that BRD8 is involved not only in mediating p53-dependant gene suppression, but also in mediating the DNA damage response. In the last part of my Ph.D. project, I investigated the possible mechanisms involved in recruitment of the p400 chromatin remodeler complex to chromatin. I showed that histone variant H2A.Z is essential for efficient recruitment of p53 and p400 to the distal p53 binding element of the p21 promoter. Furthermore, using double knockout (DKO) MEFs for p300/CBP I showed that the depletion of p300/CBP lead to a severe decrease in the recruitment of p400 at p21 promoter. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the role of p300/CBP in targeting p400 to chromatin. In conclusion, my studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in chromatin regulation by histone variant H2A.Z and chromatin remodeler complex p400. / Résumé : La régulation de la transcription est un mécanisme crucial pour le bon développement et fonctionnement des cellules eucaryotes. Chez les eucaryotes, l'ADN est organisé dans une structure dynamique de nucléoprotéines appelée chromatine. La structure de la chromatine forme une barrière qui contrôle l'accès des facteurs de transcription à leurs sites de fixation sur l’ADN. Plusieurs mécanismes ont été acquis au cours de l'évolution pour moduler la dynamique de la chromatine afin de réguler de manière adéquate l'expression des gènes. Un des mécanismes les plus intriguant qui module la structure de la chromatine est le remplacement des histones canoniques par des variants d'histones. Il est effectué par des complex de remodelage de la chromatine. Parmi les variants d'histones, H2A.Z est un régulateur essentiel de la transcription des gènes. H2A.Z est enrichi aux régions régulatrices des gènes, mais des niveaux significatifs de ce variant d'histone peuvent aussi être observés au cœur des gènes. Le rôle de H2A.Z localisé a lèintérieur gènes n'est, pour l'instant, pas bien compris. Des résultats récents suggèrent que le recrutement actif de H2A.Z dans les gènes est requis pour induire leur répression. En opposition à ces résultats, nous montrons que l'inhibition globale de la transcription conduit à l'accumulation de H2A.Z aux sites d'initiation de la transcription, mais aussi au cœur des gènes. Nos résultats indiquent que l'accumulation de H2A.Z dans les gènes réprimés serait une conséquence de l'absence de transcription plutôt qu'un mécanisme actif requit pour établir la répression. La seconde partie de mon doctorat a été dédiée à l'étude du rôle de BRD8 (une sous-unité du complexe p400/Tip60) dans la signalisation contrôlée par p53. Nous avons trouvé que la déplétion de BRD8 conduit à l'induction de p21 et à l'arrêt concomitant du cycle cellulaire en phase G1/S. Nous montrons aussi que le circuit transcriptionnel de p53 est activé dans les cellules déplétées en BRD8. Cela résulte en l'induction de p21, mais aussi de gènes proapoptotiques, ce qui conduit la cellule en apoptose. De manière marquante, la voie de réponse aux dommages de l'ADN est induite suite à la déplétion de BRD8, ce qui est observée par l'apparition de foci de dommages à l'ADN révélés par immunocoloration de γ-H2AX. De plus, l'acétylation de H4K16 est réduite dans les cellules déplétées en BRD8, suggérant que BRD8 pourrait avoir un rôle dans le recrutement et/ou la stabilisation du complexe p400/Tip60 dans la chromatine, et pourrait donc faciliter la réparation de l'ADN. En accord avec le fait que la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN soit activée, nous trouvons que dans les cellules déplétées en BRD8, CHK2 est activé mais étonnamment le niveau de la protéine CHK1 était fortement diminué. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que BRD8 est impliqué non seulement dans la répression des gènes régulés par p53, mais aussi dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN. Finalement, dans la dernière partie de mon doctorat j'ai étudié le mécanisme qui pouvait être responsable du recrutement du complexe p400 au niveau de la chromatine. Nous avons montré que le variant d'histone H2A.Z est essentiel pour le recrutement de p53 et de p400 au site distal de fixation de p53 sur le promoteur de p21. De plus, en utilisant des cellules MEF DKO pour p300/CBP, nous avons montré que la déplétion de p300/CBP conduit à une diminution sévère du recrutement de p400 au promoteur de p21. En conclusion, mes études permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de la chromatine par l'histone H2A.Z et le complexe de remodelage de la chromatine p400.

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