Le sommeil est un phénomène biologique universel complexe et encore peu compris. La méthode de référence actuelle pour caractériser les états de vigilance au cours du sommeil est la polysomnographie (PSG) qui enregistre de manière non invasive à la surface de la peau, les modifications électrophysiologiques de l’activité cérébrale (électroencéphalographie, EEG), oculaire (électro-oculographie, EOG) et musculaire (électromyographie, EMG). Traditionnellement, les signaux électrophysiologiques sont ensuite analysés par un expert du sommeil qui annote manuellement les évènements d’intérêt comme les stades de sommeil ou certains micro-évènements (grapho éléments EEG). Toutefois, l’annotation manuelle est chronophage et sujette à la subjectivité de l’expert. De plus, le développement exponentiel d’outils de monitoring du sommeil enregistrant et analysant automatiquement les signaux électrophysiologiques tels que le bandeau Dreem rend nécessaire une automatisation de ces tâches.L’apprentissage machine bénéficie d’une attention croissante car il permet d’apprendre à un ordinateur à réaliser certaines tâches de décision à partir d’un ensemble d’exemples d’apprentissage et d’obtenir des performances de prédictions plus élevées qu’avec les méthodes classiques. Les avancées techniques dans le domaine de l’apprentissage profond ont ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour la science du sommeil tout en soulevant de nouveaux défis techniques. L’entraînement des algorithmes d’apprentissage profond nécessite une grande quantité de données annotées qui n’est pas nécessairement disponible pour les données PSG. De plus, les algorithmes d’apprentissage sont très sensibles à la variabilité des données qui est non négligeable en ce qui concerne ces données. Cela s’explique par la variabilité intra et inter-sujet (pathologies / sujets sains, âge…).Cette thèse étudie le développement d’algorithmes d’apprentissage profond afin de réaliser deux types de tâches: la prédiction des stades de sommeil et la détection de micro-événements. Une attention particulière est portée (a) sur la quantité de données annotées requise pour l’entraînement des algorithmes proposés et (b) sur la sensibilité de ces algorithmes à la variabilité des données. Des stratégies spécifiques, basées sur l’apprentissage par transfert, sont proposées pour résoudre les problèmes techniques dus au manque de données annotées et à la variabilité des données. / Sleep is a complex and not fully understood biological phenomenon. The traditional process to monitor sleep relies on the polysomnography exam (PSG). It records, in a non invasive fashion at the level of the skin, electrophysiological modifications of the brain activity (electroencephalography, EEG), ocular (electro-oculography, EOG) and muscular (electro-myography, EMG). The recorded signals are then analyzed by a sleep expert who manually annotates the events of interest such as the sleep stages or some micro-events. However, manual labeling is time-consuming and prone to the expert subjectivity. Furthermore, the development of sleep monitoring consumer wearable devices which record and process automatically electrophysiological signals, such as Dreem headband, requires to automate some labeling tasks.Machine learning (ML) has received much attention as a way to teach a computer to perform some decision tasks automatically from a set of learning examples. Furthermore, the rise of deep learning (DL) algorithms in several fields have opened new perspectives for sleep sciences. On the other hand, this is also raising new concerns related to the scarcity of labeled data that may prevent their training processes and the variability of data that may hurt their performances. Indeed, sleep data is scarce due to the labeling burden and exhibits also some intra and inter-subject variability (due to sleep disorders, aging...).This thesis has investigated and proposed ML algorithms to automate the detection of sleep related events from raw PSG time series. Through the prism of DL, it addressed two main tasks: sleep stage classification and micro-event detection. A particular attention was brought (a) to the quantity of labeled data required to train such algorithms and (b) to the generalization performances of these algorithms to new (variable) data. Specific strategies, based on transfer learning, were designed to cope with the issues related to the scarcity of labeled data and the variability of data.

abstract: In recent years, the rise in social media usage both vertically in terms of the number of users by platform and horizontally in terms of the number of platforms per user has led to data explosion. User-generated social media content provides an excellent opportunity to mine data of interest and to build resourceful applications. The rise in the number of healthcare-related social media platforms and the volume of healthcare knowledge available online in the last decade has resulted in increased social media usage for personal healthcare. In the United States, nearly ninety percent of adults, in the age group 50-75, have used social media to seek and share health information. Motivated by the growth of social media usage, this thesis focuses on healthcare-related applications, study various challenges posed by social media data, and address them through novel and effective machine learning algorithms. The major challenges for effectively and efficiently mining social media data to build functional applications include: (1) Data reliability and acceptance: most social media data (especially in the context of healthcare-related social media) is not regulated and little has been studied on the benefits of healthcare-specific social media; (2) Data heterogeneity: social media data is generated by users with both demographic and geographic diversity; (3) Model transparency and trustworthiness: most existing machine learning models for addressing heterogeneity are considered as black box models, not many providing explanations for why they do what they do to trust them. In response to these challenges, three main research directions have been investigated in this thesis: (1) Analyzing social media influence on healthcare: to study the real world impact of social media as a source to offer or seek support for patients with chronic health conditions; (2) Learning from task heterogeneity: to propose various models and algorithms that are adaptable to new social media platforms and robust to dynamic social media data, specifically on modeling user behaviors, identifying similar actors across platforms, and adapting black box models to a specific learning scenario; (3) Explaining heterogeneous models: to interpret predictive models in the presence of task heterogeneity. In this thesis, novel algorithms with theoretical analysis from various aspects (e.g., time complexity, convergence properties) have been proposed. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated by comparison with state-of-the-art methods and relevant case studies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

abstract: Autonomous vehicle technology has been evolving for years since the Automated Highway System Project. However, this technology has been under increased scrutiny ever since an autonomous vehicle killed Elaine Herzberg, who was crossing the street in Tempe, Arizona in March 2018. Recent tests of autonomous vehicles on public roads have faced opposition from nearby residents. Before these vehicles are widely deployed, it is imperative that the general public trusts them. For this, the vehicles must be able to identify objects in their surroundings and demonstrate the ability to follow traffic rules while making decisions with human-like moral integrity when confronted with an ethical dilemma, such as an unavoidable crash that will injure either a pedestrian or the passenger. Testing autonomous vehicles in real-world scenarios would pose a threat to people and property alike. A safe alternative is to simulate these scenarios and test to ensure that the resulting programs can work in real-world scenarios. Moreover, in order to detect a moral dilemma situation quickly, the vehicle should be able to identify objects in real-time while driving. Toward this end, this thesis investigates the use of cross-platform training for neural networks that perform visual identification of common objects in driving scenarios. Here, the object detection algorithm Faster R-CNN is used. The hypothesis is that it is possible to train a neural network model to detect objects from two different domains, simulated or physical, using transfer learning. As a proof of concept, an object detection model is trained on image datasets extracted from CARLA, a virtual driving environment, via transfer learning. After bringing the total loss factor to 0.4, the model is evaluated with an IoU metric. It is determined that the model has a precision of 100% and 75% for vehicles and traffic lights respectively. The recall is found to be 84.62% and 75% for the same. It is also shown that this model can detect the same classes of objects from other virtual environments and real-world images. Further modifications to the algorithm that may be required to improve performance are discussed as future work. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2019

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This dissertation proposes an approach to reduce the cost of manual inspections for as large a number of false positive warnings that are being reported by Static Code Analysis (SCA) tools as much as possible using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The proposed approach neither assume to use the particular SCA tools nor depends on the specific programming language used to write the target source code or the application. To reduce the number of false positive warnings we first evaluated a number of SCA tools in terms of software engineering metrics using a highlighted synthetic source code named the Juliet test suite. From this evaluation, we concluded that the SCA tools report plenty of false positive warnings that need a manual inspection. Then we generated a number of datasets from the source code that forced the SCA tool to generate either true positive, false positive, or false negative warnings. The datasets, then, were used to train four of ML classifiers in order to classify the collected warnings from the synthetic source code. From the experimental results of the ML classifiers, we observed that the classifier that built using the Random Forests (RF) technique outperformed the rest of the classifiers. Lastly, using this classifier and an instance-based transfer learning technique, we ranked a number of warnings that were aggregated from various open-source software projects. The experimental results show that the proposed approach to reduce the cost of the manual inspection of the false positive warnings outperformed the random ranking algorithm and was highly correlated with the ranked list that the optimal ranking algorithm generated.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Recommender systems are widely used in many domains. In this work, the importance of a recommender system in an online learning platform is discussed. After explaining the concept of adding an intelligent agent to online education systems, some features of the Course Networking (CN) website are demonstrated. Finally, the relation between CN, the intelligent agent (Rumi), and the recommender system is presented. Along with the argument of three different approaches for building a community recommendation system. The result shows that the Neighboring Collaborative Filtering (NCF) outperforms both the transfer learning method and the Continuous bag-of-words approach. The NCF algorithm has a general format with two various implementations that can be used for other recommendations, such as course, skill, major, and book recommendations.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第21391号 / 情博第677号 / 新制||情||117(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 河原 達也, 教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 壇辻 正剛, 准教授 南條 浩輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Recent research makes use of biologically inspired computation and artificial intelligence as efficient means to solve real-world problems. Humans show a significant performance in extracting and interpreting visual information. In the cases where visual data is not available, or, for example, if it fails to provide comprehensive information due to occlusions, tactile exploration assists in the interpretation and better understanding of the environment. This cooperation between human senses can serve as an inspiration to embed a higher level of intelligence in computational models. In the context of this research, in the first step, computational models of visual attention are explored to determine salient regions on the surface of objects. Two different approaches are proposed. The first approach takes advantage of a series of contributing features in guiding human visual attention, namely color, contrast, curvature, edge, entropy, intensity, orientation, and symmetry are efficiently integrated to identify salient features on the surface of 3D objects. This model of visual attention also learns to adaptively weight each feature based on ground-truth data to ensure a better compatibility with human visual exploration capabilities. The second approach uses a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for feature extraction from images collected from 3D objects and formulates saliency as a fusion map of regions where the CNN looks at, while classifying the object based on their geometrical and semantic characteristics. The main difference between the outcomes of the two algorithms is that the first approach results in saliencies spread over the surface of the objects while the second approach highlights one or two regions with concentrated saliency. Therefore, the first approach is an appropriate simulation of visual exploration of objects, while the second approach successfully simulates the eye fixation locations on objects. In the second step, the first computational model of visual attention is used to determine scattered salient points on the surface of objects based on which simplified versions of 3D object models preserving the important visual characteristics of objects are constructed. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the topic of tactile object recognition, leveraging the proposed model of visual attention. Beyond the sensor technologies which are instrumental in ensuring data quality, biological models can also assist in guiding the placement of sensors and support various selective data sampling strategies that allow exploring an object’s surface faster. Therefore, the possibility to guide the acquisition of tactile data based on the identified visually salient features is tested and validated in this research. Different object exploration and data processing approaches were used to identify the most promising solution. Our experiments confirm the effectiveness of computational models of visual attention as a guide for data selection for both simplifying 3D representation of objects as well as enhancing tactile object recognition. In particular, the current research demonstrates that: (1) the simplified representation of objects by preserving visually salient characteristics shows a better compatibility with human visual capabilities compared to uniformly simplified models, and (2) tactile data acquired based on salient visual features are more informative about the objects’ characteristics and can be employed in tactile object manipulation and recognition scenarios. In the last section, the thesis addresses the issue of transfer of learning from vision to touch. Inspired from biological studies that attest similarities between the processing of visual and tactile stimuli in human brain, the thesis studies the possibility of transfer of learning from vision to touch using deep learning architectures and proposes a hybrid CNN that handles both visual and tactile object recognition.

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