M.A. / This study determines the role of crisis management in the dormant account crisis that faced three Swiss banks from 1995 until 2000. This research topic involving the Swiss banks was selected for numerous reasons. Firstly, there was an immense amount of media interest from around the world. Secondly, the geographical area that the crisis was focused in-the western world- is arguably the world's financial powerhouse. Thirdly, the issues surrounding the crisis itself were highly emotive and had its roots in the period shortly before World War Two. Fourthly, on closer investigation very little research had been done on Western corporate financial crises and most importantly, no research had been done on the way the Swiss banks managed their crisis. All of these issues combined provided a very interesting platform on which to begin researching the value of effective crisis management, from a strategic standpoint, for a western corporate financial company.To facilitate an effective and objective analysis of the case study, an extensive literature study had to be undertaken. The origins of public relations had to be researched to understand how the profession had developed. In addition, crisis management also had to be studied to understand how this discipline of public relations works. From there, the role of public relations had to be studied to comprehend exactly what should have been done, in terms of how crisis management is an element of public relations, for the Swiss banks before the crisis began.Following on from this it was established, from the literature study, that planning for a crisis is one of the foundations of crisis management.AThe most important aspects of and contributors to crisis planning were then considered. It was also established that crises have different stages that they pass through. This was then investigated as well as the relevant aspects needed to manage each stage. An important aspect encountered in each crisis is the media. The different parts of media training were studied. followed by arguably one of the most difficult aspects of crisis management- managing the media.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att i ett förändrat omvärldsläge, med ett Ryssland som visat sig berett att använda det militära maktmedlet, undersöka hur arbetet med civilt försvar implementeras på kommunal nivå. Detta genom att skapa en bild av hur kommuner arbetar med krisberedskapsplanering och om detta arbete påverkas av lärdomar från tidigare extraordinära händelser. Uppsatsen svarar genom en fåfallstudie av två kommuner på frågeställningarna: Hur har den nationella säkerhetsstrategin från 2017 påverkat kommunernas planering inför och vid extraordinära händelser i fredstid och inför höjd beredskap? Hur påverkar kommunernas tidigare erfarenheter av kriser planeringen? Studien har genomförts som textanalys av kommunala planer och genom intervjuer av tjänstemän och politiker i två mindre småländska kommuner. Empirin har analyserats genom att använda en analysmodell utgående från Lennart Lundquists implementeringsteori. Resultatet visar att det förändrade omvärldsläget inte konkret påverkat arbetet, men bidragit till att ämnet har aktualiserats. Tidigare erfarenheter påverkar kommunernas arbete vilket till viss del ses i planer och styrdokument och till stor del märks i förståelse och inställning. Studiens viktigaste slutsats är att de övningar och utbildningar som bedrivs bör innefatta verksamheten i höjd beredskap och civilt försvar, vilket kommunerna brister i. För att detta skall implementeras krävs tydliga styrningar om vad som ska övas. / The purpose of this essay is to examine how Swedish municipalities handles civil defense in the context of a new threat level where the Russian leadership has proved willing to use military power to achieve political goals. The essay is a case study of two Swedish municipalities answering the following questions: How has the national security strategy from 2017 influenced the planning before and in extraordinary events both in peacetime and in high readiness? How do the municipalities’ previous crises experiences affect planning? The study was conducted by analyzing municipal documents and plans as well as interviews with officials and politicians in two small municipalities. The empirical data has been analyzed by using a model based on implementation theory by Lennart Lundquist. The study argues that the new threat level and the situation within Europe hasn´t influenced the municipalities significant but it has actualized the subject. Earlier crisis experiences affect the crisis management within the municipalities which in some ways can be seen in plans but mostly in the understanding and the attitude among citizens as well as among professionals and politicians. In summary, the most important conclusion is that training and education should include the activities in high readiness and civil defense in order to reduce the lack of knowledge of the municipalities within this topic. It takes clear guidance and steering from the government on what to practice.

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Detta är ett arbete som analyserar risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser från fyra olika län i Sverige utifrån Béné et al. (2012) teori om resiliens och förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera. Teorin beskriver även begreppet sårbarhet i relation till resiliens och inkluderas därför i den tematiska analysen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. Arbetet berör det omdiskuterade begreppet resiliens, dess innebörd och applicering inom risk- och krishantering. Undersökningen visar hur olika risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser kan beskriva dessa förmågor och att utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna påverkar hur synliga dessa förmågor är i beskrivningen. Jämförelsen av länen visar att det finns olika förmågor utifrån beskrivningarna som delvis beror på utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och vilka förutsättningar och erfarenheter som länen har. Länen skilde sig även åt i beskrivningarna av sårbarhet och hur medborgarna beaktades i relation till risker och hot inom länet. Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån arbetet är bland annat att förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera till viss mån beskrivs i risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och att principerna i teorin och ramverket som Béné et al. (2012) beskriver också återfinns i olika delar av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. / This is an essay that analyses risk and vulnerability assessments from four different counties in Sweden based on Béné et al. (2012) theory of resilience and the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform. The theory also describes the concept vulnerability in relation to resilience and is included in the thematic analysis of the risk and vulnerability assessments. The work concerns the disputed concept of resilience, its meaning and application in risk and crisis management. The study shows how different risk and vulnerability assessments can describe these abilities and that the design of risk and vulnerability assessments affects how visible these abilities are in the description. The comparison of the counties shows that there are different abilities based on the descriptions, partly due to the design of risk and vulnerability assessment, the conditions and experiences that the counties have. The counties also distinguished themself in the descriptions of vulnerability and how citizens were taken into account in relation to risks and threats within the county. Conclusions that could be drawn from this work is for instance that the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform can be found in the risk and vulnerability assessment and that the principles in the theory and framework that Béné et al. (2012) describes also can be found in various parts of the risk and vulnerability assessments.

This diploma thesis embraces the development of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) emphasizing the Alliance's capability to adequately adapt and react to the rapidly growing number of security challenges in our globalized world. Using the historical turning points and the experiences gained during the various conflicts the dissertation's focus is on the future of NATO in the "era of unpeace" where it is required to "defend against known unknowns" (Jankowski and Stepniewski (ed.) 2021). The first chapter of the thesis consists of an overview of the four main stages of the Alliance's development. The first phase (1949-1990) is the Cold War period, when the member states' emphasis was to build a strong collective defence strategy but at the same time, they established a liberal democratic system and accepted common values from the institutional point of view. The new members have adopted these governance standards and institutions, proved the effective assertion of the liberal institutionalism doctrine but never gave up military realism. The second stage (1990-2001) was represented by emerging new security challenges due to the fact that the bipolar world order had came to an end and the Alliance reacted to this by spreading the "security umbrella" with crisis management policies and...