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This qualitative, exploratory study aims to understand how grade three educators in Limpopo, South Africa, approach the curriculum implementation. The study recognizes the National Curriculum Statements (NCS) as the core curriculum guideline for basic education in South Africa and that the Curriculum and Assessment Policy (CAPS) offers practical implementation guidelines and directives to the NCS. Triangulated data collection techniques, involving interviews, classroom observations and document analysis, were employed to gather information. In an effort to understand the daily realities educators experience in their implementation of curriculum changes, Rogan and Grayson?s (2003) theory of curriculum implementation was applied to nine case studies. The Atlas.ti software package was used to analyse data. The analysis of data revealed that inconsistencies existed between the optimistic? view of the Department of Education to improve curriculum implementation despite continuously changing the curriculum, and the pessimistic? scenario where educators consistently speak of obstacles to curriculum implementation. The main findings of the study show that CAPS implementation is hampered by inadequate training of teachers, poor understanding of curriculum reforms, poor involvement of educators in the curriculum development processes, poor resources and work overload. The study argues for the necessity to stabilize curriculum changes given the associated implementation challenges of policy overload within the South African education system. The study further shows that in the highly politicized education context of South Africa, curriculum implementation takes a back seat to institutional political machinations. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

The Purpose of the study was to highlight the primary care managers' perception of the barriers and opportunities in the implementation of the national guidelines for harmful drinking and alcohol abuse in KalmarCounty. The data was collected by questionnaires which were directed to all primary care managers in the county. The response rate was low, 40%. The data collection was complemented at a later stage with a non-response analysis. To analyze the results implementation theory with following terms were used: wants to, understand and know. In this study, the managers response showed an ambivalence and the willingness to use the national guidelines were not evident. On the one hand, patients with for harmful drinking and alcohol abuse is a tasks for primary care, but on the other hand, it was considered to a greater extent to be social services responsibility. The understanding of the use of guidelines existed and primary care has a tradition of making use of the guidelines, however in this case the respondents lack education. The ability to implement the national guidelines seemed lacking, which may be due to increased tasks and radical changes involving time constraints.

The thesis provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of the EMPRETEC programme in Ghana and Namibia. The EMPRETEC programme is a unique entrepreneurship and business development programme developed by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations in the late 1980s. Since then, it has been implemented in nearly 30 countries to support business development. The central aim of this research is to identify the major factors that influenced the implementation process of the EMPRETEC programme in Ghana and Namibia and to analyse how they afforded or constrained the achievement of seven so-called Critical Programme Components (CPCs). These CPCs are: 1) targeting high growth entrepreneurs; 2) developing an entrepreneurship training workshop that is adapted to the local context; 3) ensuring direction of the programme by a coalition of private and public sector leaders; 4) mobilising support from the private sector; 5) promote linkages among clients; 6) promote business linkages with foreign firms; and 7) establish a sustainable foundation. The theoretical concepts of the research are based on the implementation literature which emerged as part of the policy sciences during the second half of the last century. A new approach is developed to study the highly complex implementation process: in a first step, an analytical framework is developed that comprises five analytical lenses: 1) a contextual lens focusing on the context in which the entire implementation process is embedded; 2) an inter-organisational lens focusing on interactions of the involved stakeholders; 3) an organisational lens for the identification of institutional strengths and weaknesses; 4) an intra-organisational lens for the analysis of intra-agency relationships; and 5) an individual lens focusing on the individuals who were involved in the implementation of the programmes. These lenses cover the entire spectrum and levels of the implementation process. In a second step, 15 major implementation factors are derived from implementation theory. These factors and their influence on the implementation process are then assessed with the help of 100 distinct measures. The influence of the 15 factors on the implementation process and the seven CPCs is subsequently analysed and finally tested using evidence from 18 additional EMPRETEC centres. The study's contribution to knowledge is twofold: (i) The study provides insights into the underlying factors that influenced the implementation of the EMPRETEC programme in Ghana and Namibia. Overall, the implementation conditions were more favourable in Ghana as compared to Namibia. The research hints at the importance of the context and implementers' (both organisations' and individuals') characteristics as crucial factors for successful implementation. Finding the right implementers and aligning implementation objectives to existing development discourses and implementers' ideologies can help to improve effective implementation. (ii) The study proposes an innovative approach to study implementation processes across narrow cases. Based on third-generation implementation models, a unique data collection and analytical framework is suggested that allows comparing and testing various implementation factors and their influence on the implementation process. The emerging results are of high relevance to governments, donors, private organisations and other stakeholders, as many lessons could be derived to improve the implementation and effectiveness of donor interventions, especially in the area of business development programmes.

<p>The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is an international framework on sound chemicals management with the objective that “by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health”. SAICM was adopted at the International Conference on Chemicals Management in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in February 2006. To prepare countries to be able to implement SAICM the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is currently running Pilot Projects in three developing countries and one county with economy in transition: Belarus, Pakistan, Tanzania and Panama. Between October and December 2007 we were doing a Minor Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, interviewing people involved in the implementation of their Pilot Project which is running from 2006-2009. Our paper consists of two parts, one descriptive and one analysing. In the first part we describe the initiation, the formulation, the implementation and the evaluation of SAICM and the Pilot Project in Tanzania and in the second part we analyse opportunities and hindrances for a successful implementation of the Pilot Project and SAICM in Tanzania. How is the UN governing the implementation, what resources of finances, knowledge, institutions and time does Tanzania have and how is the implementation influenced by different actors interests? We argue that the there is mixture of the top-down and the bottom-up models and that this mixture is fruitful, we argue that Tanzania has enough finances, knowledge and time to implement SAICM but lack institutions, and finally that the different interests are not too various to harm the process.</p>

This dissertation uses theoretical and empirical tools to answer applied questions of design with an emphasis on issues relating to safety and crime. The first essay incorporates safety in implementation theory and studies when and how safe mechanisms can be designed to obtain socially desirable outcomes. I provide general conditions under which a social choice rule can be implemented using safe mechanisms. The second essay is an empirical study of how criminals respond to changing profitability of crime, a question that informs the policy debate on the most effective crime fighting methods. I find that the price elasticity of theft is about 1 in the short term and increases to about 1.2 over a seven-month horizon, suggesting that policies that directly affect crime profitability, such as policies that shut down black markets or those that reduce demand for illegal goods, can be relatively effective. The third essay shows that any standard implementation problem can be formulated as a question about the existence of a graph that solves a graph coloring problem, establishing a connection between implementation theory and graph theory. More generally, an implementation problem can be viewed as a constraint satisfaction problem, and I propose an algorithm to design simple mechanisms to solve arbitrary implementation problems. / text

Syftet med uppsatsen är att i ett förändrat omvärldsläge, med ett Ryssland som visat sig berett att använda det militära maktmedlet, undersöka hur arbetet med civilt försvar implementeras på kommunal nivå. Detta genom att skapa en bild av hur kommuner arbetar med krisberedskapsplanering och om detta arbete påverkas av lärdomar från tidigare extraordinära händelser. Uppsatsen svarar genom en fåfallstudie av två kommuner på frågeställningarna: Hur har den nationella säkerhetsstrategin från 2017 påverkat kommunernas planering inför och vid extraordinära händelser i fredstid och inför höjd beredskap? Hur påverkar kommunernas tidigare erfarenheter av kriser planeringen? Studien har genomförts som textanalys av kommunala planer och genom intervjuer av tjänstemän och politiker i två mindre småländska kommuner. Empirin har analyserats genom att använda en analysmodell utgående från Lennart Lundquists implementeringsteori. Resultatet visar att det förändrade omvärldsläget inte konkret påverkat arbetet, men bidragit till att ämnet har aktualiserats. Tidigare erfarenheter påverkar kommunernas arbete vilket till viss del ses i planer och styrdokument och till stor del märks i förståelse och inställning. Studiens viktigaste slutsats är att de övningar och utbildningar som bedrivs bör innefatta verksamheten i höjd beredskap och civilt försvar, vilket kommunerna brister i. För att detta skall implementeras krävs tydliga styrningar om vad som ska övas. / The purpose of this essay is to examine how Swedish municipalities handles civil defense in the context of a new threat level where the Russian leadership has proved willing to use military power to achieve political goals. The essay is a case study of two Swedish municipalities answering the following questions: How has the national security strategy from 2017 influenced the planning before and in extraordinary events both in peacetime and in high readiness? How do the municipalities’ previous crises experiences affect planning? The study was conducted by analyzing municipal documents and plans as well as interviews with officials and politicians in two small municipalities. The empirical data has been analyzed by using a model based on implementation theory by Lennart Lundquist. The study argues that the new threat level and the situation within Europe hasn´t influenced the municipalities significant but it has actualized the subject. Earlier crisis experiences affect the crisis management within the municipalities which in some ways can be seen in plans but mostly in the understanding and the attitude among citizens as well as among professionals and politicians. In summary, the most important conclusion is that training and education should include the activities in high readiness and civil defense in order to reduce the lack of knowledge of the municipalities within this topic. It takes clear guidance and steering from the government on what to practice.

This study addresses the problems that arise when there are many newly arrived immigrants to Sweden in a short period of time and it becomes important to be quickly sealed into Swedish society by means of various establishment initiatives.This essay investigates local integration in Three Swedish municipality's by conducting Case studies. The purpose is to find factors that affect new immigrants' opportunities for work and self-sufficiency among the municipalities with high employment rates for newly arrived immigrants. Factors refer to implementation, governance, cooperation, labor market and integration efforts.To find out, the study has identified how integrations policy are implemented and what factors that can make a difference for immigrants' opportunities for work and self- sufficiency. The material that the study uses is derived from semi-structured inter views conducted with key people with extensive knowledge of the municipality's integration work and the method used for analysis is process- tracing. The conclusion is that possible factors that can affect are interaction between all actors involved in integration and a good labor market. / <p>2018-06-07.</p>

The purpose of the study is, based on implementation theory and Lennart Lundquist’s three concepts- understanding, capability, and willingness, to identify whether these factors can affect the implementation of the Paris Agreement in four countries. Through a qualitative text analysis of the NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) of four countries, using understanding, capability, and willingness as categories, various aspects have been identified and are presented in the results. The study focuses on four countries with similar climate and economies to establish criteria as closely as possible. The study takes a hermeneutic approach as the authors interpret the material. The results indicate that the countries understand the Paris agreement and why implementation is necessary, considering the environmental issues present today. The countries also present measures for implementations, such as economic or technical aspects on how to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, as well as their priorities in relation to their circumstances. The countries also demonstrate a willingness to carry out implementation, and their ambitions are considered high based on their explanations. The conclusions highlight that implementation theory, and the three concepts of understanding, capability, and willingness can be used to understand the context in which countries implement the Paris Agreement.