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<p> A series of chiral transition metal clusters of the type MCo2(CO)6C-CO2R, where M = Co(CO)3, (C5H5)Mo(CO)2, (i-Pr-C5H4)Mo(CO)2 or (indenyl)Mo(CO)2 and R =menthyl or exo-bornyl have been synthesized and characterized using FAB mass spectrometry and high field NMR techniques. The isopropyl Cp and the indenyl ligands served as NMR probes to detect the chirality created by the incorporation of the terpenoidal capping group.</p> <p> The tricobalt clusters were treated with the bidentate ligands arphos, Ph2AsCH2CH2PPh2 and diphos, Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2. Treatment with arphos yields a pair of diastereomers which are interconverted via the migration of the Ph2As terminus of the arphos ligand from one cobalt vertex to another. This fluxionality was monitored by variable-temperature 31P NMR spectroscopy. The diphos cluster is not a fluxional molecule. However, the Co(CO)2P vertices are diastereotopic and give two signals in the 31P NMR. Thus, diphos serves as a convenient probe for chirality. </p> <p> In the case where M = Co(CO)3 , the two remaining cobalt vertices are diatereotopic and are, in principle, not equally susceptible to attack by an incoming ligand. To test for chiral discrimination, these molecules have been treated with several different phosphines. If the reaction were to proceed with any degree of selectivity, the 31P NMR spectrum ought to show resonances of unequal intensity. Such results have been obtained when a bulky phosphine, such as tricyclohexylphosphine, has been employed.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This thesis presents a number of largely independent forays into developing an understanding of the unique chemistry of transition metal clusters. The first chapter of this thesis represents an initial foray into mapping the chemical reactivity of transition metal clusters - a monumental task that will doubtless continue for some time. The small slice undertaken in this work investigates the reactivity with CO of a series of the smallest possible metal clusters; 4d (Nb - Ag) homonuclear metal trimers. In Chapter 2, two known transition metal clusters were studied using CASSCF (MCSCF) and MRCI methods, only to find that DFT methods provided more accurate Ionisation Potentials (IPs). Thus Chapter 3 was devoted to optimising a density functional to predict IPs. As clusters get larger, the number of possible structures grows rapidly too large for human intuition to handle, thus Chapter 4 is devoted to the use of an automated stochastic algorithm, “Kick”, for structure elucidation. Chapter 5 improves on this algorithm, by permitting chemically sensible molecular fragments to be defined and used. Chapter 6 then comes full circle and uses the new Kick algorithm to investigate the reaction of CO with a series of mono-substituted niobium tetramers (i.e. Nb₃X). / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1350246 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2009

This thesis presents a number of largely independent forays into developing an understanding of the unique chemistry of transition metal clusters. The first chapter of this thesis represents an initial foray into mapping the chemical reactivity of transition metal clusters - a monumental task that will doubtless continue for some time. The small slice undertaken in this work investigates the reactivity with CO of a series of the smallest possible metal clusters; 4d (Nb - Ag) homonuclear metal trimers. In Chapter 2, two known transition metal clusters were studied using CASSCF (MCSCF) and MRCI methods, only to find that DFT methods provided more accurate Ionisation Potentials (IPs). Thus Chapter 3 was devoted to optimising a density functional to predict IPs. As clusters get larger, the number of possible structures grows rapidly too large for human intuition to handle, thus Chapter 4 is devoted to the use of an automated stochastic algorithm, “Kick”, for structure elucidation. Chapter 5 improves on this algorithm, by permitting chemically sensible molecular fragments to be defined and used. Chapter 6 then comes full circle and uses the new Kick algorithm to investigate the reaction of CO with a series of mono-substituted niobium tetramers (i.e. Nb₃X). / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1350246 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2009

Clusters sub-nanométricos de metais de transição (TM) têm atraído grande atenção devido às suas propriedades físicas e químicas singulares, muito diferentes dos homólogos na fase bulk. Estas propriedades incomuns podem variar de acordo com o tamanho, a composição e o estado de carga para clusters em fase gasosa. Uma compreensão aprofundada da evolução das propriedades em função de tais parâmetros é um pré-requisito necessário para potencializar diversas aplicações, desde catálise até armazenamento magnético, bem como para responder questões fundamentais relacionadas com a estabilidade intrínseca desses sistemas. Porém, esse entendimento ainda não é satisfatório. Neste projeto, usando cálculos de primeiros princípios baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade dentro da aproximação de gradiente generalizado na formulação proposta por Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff, investigamos as estruturas atômicas, as propriedades eletrônicas e a estabilidade de todos os TM (30 elementos) clusters unários em função do tamanho (2 &ndash; 15 átomos). Para estudar a influência da carga, consideramos clusters de Cun e Ptn (n = 2 &ndash; 14) nos estados catiônico, neutro e aniônico, enquanto os efeitos de composição foram considerados para clusters bimetálicos de PtnCum com m = 2,3, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,14 e n = 0,1, &middot; &middot; &middot ;,m. Nossos resultados sugerem que: (i) Os mecanismos de estabilização para os TM clusters unários baseiam-se na natureza das ligações químicas, em que a ocupação dos orbitais d ligantes ou antiligantes e a hibridização s &ndash; d afetam fortemente as propriedades. Por exemplo, a maioria dos TM clusters mágicos são acompanhados por picos de hibridização s &ndash; d e momentos de dipolo elétrico nulos.(ii) Diferentes parâmetros afetam as estruturas de TM clusters nesse regime de tamanho, tais como, propriedades do átomo livre, interações magnéticas de troca e efeitos relativísticos. (iii) As propriedades são muito susceptíveis ao estado de carga; em particular, as estruturas tendem a diminuir a coordenação atômica quando um elétron é adicionado ao sistema, o que afeta fortemente a transição 2D-3D. (iv) Energia de excesso negativa foi obtida para a maioria dos Pt&ndash;Cu clusters, o que fornece uma forte evidência para a formação de clusters bimetálicos. Além disso, nossas análises sugerem que a formação de estruturas tipo caroço(Cu)-casca(Pt) começa neste regime de tamanho, afim de liberar energia de tensão. (v) O centro de gravidade dos estados d ocupados da liga Pt&ndash;Cu varia com a composição, e se aproxima do orbital mais alto ocupado para composições em torno de 50%-50%. Em particular, nossos cálculos sugerem um aumento na energia de adsorção de CO e NO sobre Pt7Cu6 em comparação com os clusters unários de Pt13 e Cu13. Consequentemente, estes resultados constituem uma base para compreender a formação de partículas maiores bem como para investigar sistemas mais complexos e realistas, como reações químicas de sistemas moleculares adsorvidos sobre TM clusters estabilizados por ligantes ou suportados. / Sub-nanometre sized transition metal (TM) clusters have attracted great attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, very different from the bulk counterparts. These unusual properties can vary with size, composition and state of charge for gas-phase clusters. An in-depth understanding of the properties evolution in function of such parameters is a necessary prerequisite to leverage diverse applications, from catalysis to magnetic storage, as well as to answer fundamental questions related with the intrinsic stability of these systems. However, this understanding is not yet satisfactory. In this project, using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation in the formulation proposed by Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff, we investigate the atomic structures, electronic properties and stability of all TM (30 elements) unary clusters in function of size (2 &ndash; 15 atoms). To study the influence of the charge we considered Cun and Ptn (n = 2 &ndash; 14) clusters in the cationic, neutral and anionic states, while compositional effects were considered for bimetallic PtnCum&ndash;n clusters with m = 2,3, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,14 and n = 0,1, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,m. Our results suggest that: (i) The stabilization mechanisms for unary clusters are based on the nature of chemical bondings, on which the occupation of the bonding or antibonding d orbitals and the s &ndash; d hybridization strongly affect the properties. For example, most magic TM clusters are accompanied by peaks in s &ndash; d hybridization and null electric dipole moments.(ii) Different parameters affect TM cluster structures in that size regime, such as, free-atom properties, magnetic exchange interactions and relativistic effects. (iii) The properties are very susceptible to the charge state; in particular, the structures tend to decrease the atomic coordination when one electron is added to the system, which strongly affects the 2D-3D transition. (iv) Negative excess energy was obtained for the most PtCu clusters, which provides a strong evidence for the formation of these bimetallic clusters. Moreover, our analyzes suggest that the formation of core(Cu)-shell(Pt) like structures starts at this size regime, in order to release strain energy. (v) The center of gravity of the occupied d states of the Pt&ndash;Cu alloy vary with composition and approaches to the highest occupied molecular orbital for compositions around 50%-50%. In particular, our calculations suggest an increase in the adsorption energy of CO and NO on Pt7Cu6 in comparison with Pt13 and Cu13 unary clusters. Thus, these results form a basis to understand the formation of greater particles as well as to investigate more complex and realistic systems, such as chemical reactions of molecular systems adsorbed on ligand stabilized or supported TM clusters.

Clusters sub-nanométricos de metais de transição (TM) têm atraído grande atenção devido às suas propriedades físicas e químicas singulares, muito diferentes dos homólogos na fase bulk. Estas propriedades incomuns podem variar de acordo com o tamanho, a composição e o estado de carga para clusters em fase gasosa. Uma compreensão aprofundada da evolução das propriedades em função de tais parâmetros é um pré-requisito necessário para potencializar diversas aplicações, desde catálise até armazenamento magnético, bem como para responder questões fundamentais relacionadas com a estabilidade intrínseca desses sistemas. Porém, esse entendimento ainda não é satisfatório. Neste projeto, usando cálculos de primeiros princípios baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade dentro da aproximação de gradiente generalizado na formulação proposta por Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff, investigamos as estruturas atômicas, as propriedades eletrônicas e a estabilidade de todos os TM (30 elementos) clusters unários em função do tamanho (2 &ndash; 15 átomos). Para estudar a influência da carga, consideramos clusters de Cun e Ptn (n = 2 &ndash; 14) nos estados catiônico, neutro e aniônico, enquanto os efeitos de composição foram considerados para clusters bimetálicos de PtnCum com m = 2,3, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,14 e n = 0,1, &middot; &middot; &middot ;,m. Nossos resultados sugerem que: (i) Os mecanismos de estabilização para os TM clusters unários baseiam-se na natureza das ligações químicas, em que a ocupação dos orbitais d ligantes ou antiligantes e a hibridização s &ndash; d afetam fortemente as propriedades. Por exemplo, a maioria dos TM clusters mágicos são acompanhados por picos de hibridização s &ndash; d e momentos de dipolo elétrico nulos.(ii) Diferentes parâmetros afetam as estruturas de TM clusters nesse regime de tamanho, tais como, propriedades do átomo livre, interações magnéticas de troca e efeitos relativísticos. (iii) As propriedades são muito susceptíveis ao estado de carga; em particular, as estruturas tendem a diminuir a coordenação atômica quando um elétron é adicionado ao sistema, o que afeta fortemente a transição 2D-3D. (iv) Energia de excesso negativa foi obtida para a maioria dos Pt&ndash;Cu clusters, o que fornece uma forte evidência para a formação de clusters bimetálicos. Além disso, nossas análises sugerem que a formação de estruturas tipo caroço(Cu)-casca(Pt) começa neste regime de tamanho, afim de liberar energia de tensão. (v) O centro de gravidade dos estados d ocupados da liga Pt&ndash;Cu varia com a composição, e se aproxima do orbital mais alto ocupado para composições em torno de 50%-50%. Em particular, nossos cálculos sugerem um aumento na energia de adsorção de CO e NO sobre Pt7Cu6 em comparação com os clusters unários de Pt13 e Cu13. Consequentemente, estes resultados constituem uma base para compreender a formação de partículas maiores bem como para investigar sistemas mais complexos e realistas, como reações químicas de sistemas moleculares adsorvidos sobre TM clusters estabilizados por ligantes ou suportados. / Sub-nanometre sized transition metal (TM) clusters have attracted great attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, very different from the bulk counterparts. These unusual properties can vary with size, composition and state of charge for gas-phase clusters. An in-depth understanding of the properties evolution in function of such parameters is a necessary prerequisite to leverage diverse applications, from catalysis to magnetic storage, as well as to answer fundamental questions related with the intrinsic stability of these systems. However, this understanding is not yet satisfactory. In this project, using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation in the formulation proposed by Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff, we investigate the atomic structures, electronic properties and stability of all TM (30 elements) unary clusters in function of size (2 &ndash; 15 atoms). To study the influence of the charge we considered Cun and Ptn (n = 2 &ndash; 14) clusters in the cationic, neutral and anionic states, while compositional effects were considered for bimetallic PtnCum&ndash;n clusters with m = 2,3, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,14 and n = 0,1, &middot; &middot; &middot; ,m. Our results suggest that: (i) The stabilization mechanisms for unary clusters are based on the nature of chemical bondings, on which the occupation of the bonding or antibonding d orbitals and the s &ndash; d hybridization strongly affect the properties. For example, most magic TM clusters are accompanied by peaks in s &ndash; d hybridization and null electric dipole moments.(ii) Different parameters affect TM cluster structures in that size regime, such as, free-atom properties, magnetic exchange interactions and relativistic effects. (iii) The properties are very susceptible to the charge state; in particular, the structures tend to decrease the atomic coordination when one electron is added to the system, which strongly affects the 2D-3D transition. (iv) Negative excess energy was obtained for the most PtCu clusters, which provides a strong evidence for the formation of these bimetallic clusters. Moreover, our analyzes suggest that the formation of core(Cu)-shell(Pt) like structures starts at this size regime, in order to release strain energy. (v) The center of gravity of the occupied d states of the Pt&ndash;Cu alloy vary with composition and approaches to the highest occupied molecular orbital for compositions around 50%-50%. In particular, our calculations suggest an increase in the adsorption energy of CO and NO on Pt7Cu6 in comparison with Pt13 and Cu13 unary clusters. Thus, these results form a basis to understand the formation of greater particles as well as to investigate more complex and realistic systems, such as chemical reactions of molecular systems adsorbed on ligand stabilized or supported TM clusters.