The shellfish on the rocky shores along the Transkei coast experience intense exploitation from three different sources viz. commercial exploitation, tourist - induced exploitation and continued regular harvesting by the indigenous people. The question raised as a result of these combined factors has been whether or not the rocky shore ecosystem can maintain its balance in the light of the pressure currently been exerted on it. This study sought to investigate all aspects of the shellfish utilization, as well as the effects of this exploitation through a comparison of protected and exploited rocky shore sites. Questionnaire and interview techniques were the primary metacoxal used to assess shellfish utilization. These techniques were backed by personal observations and limited collection and analysis of real remains. The physical sampling of sites by scraping areas in each zone of the rocky shore, followed by the analysis of the samples in the laboratory constituted the main riiethcx:l used to obtain biological data. A photographic technique was also used. The results indicate that the effects of limitation are most obvious in the Perna-coralline algal turf zone, where the exploitation pressure is also the greatest. Perna perna communities in particular are affected. Exploited sites maintain young populations of P. perna with an average size of less than 4crn (Means of 2.95crn and 2.26crn were obtained). The protected sites on the other hand exhibit rrore stable mature communities of P. perna (means of S.91crn and 4.70crn were obtained). An increase in the percentage cover of coralline algal turf and a corrresp:mding decrease in the percentage cover of P. perna was recorded ·with increasing exploitation. Species COIIlp)sition appeared slightly limited in the Perna-coralline algal turf zone The average size of crassostrea cuccblata is reduced. at exploited. sites, (on the basis of percentage cover rreasurementsl .Exploitation could riot be shown to be having any def iriite discernable effects on the limpet populations in all .zones, nor on the variation in species. present or absent in the balanoid and crassostrea zones. The general population structure of mussels at exploited sites has. not d1anged significantly over the last.six years, indicating that a delicate balafice is being maintained. However,. where comrrercial pressure is greatest, as in the vicinity of hotels, this balance . is destroyed and the mussel cormnunity is largely replaced by coralline algal turf (the percentage cover of algal turf at COf fee Bay in the · Perna-coralline algal tur! zone was approx. 91.5%). The existing legislation, maniwer a'7ailability and present control measures pertaining to shellfish utilization are discussed, and general conservation recommendations are trade based on the findings of this study.

The concept "development" and its corollary "under- development" gained wide recognition and acceptance in the West in late 1950s and early 1960s, contemporaneous with the decolonisation of much of the Third World. In South Africa in contrast, the concept was largely shunned during the 1960s and early 1970s as the majority of white academics, politicians and state ideologues concentrated on explaining, rationalising and implementing "separate development" (apartheid). In the mid 1970s, confronted with an enduring structural/hegemonic crisis, the state and ruling white elite were forced to restructure the prevailing form of domination and embark on a series of new initiatives to defuse mass struggles and incorporate specific strata of the oppressed black majority. The state's approach, in particular, encapsulated in the notion of a "total strategy", put forward a new constellation of economic, political and ideological policies. It was within the context of this shift in policy that the concept of "development" can be seen to have emerged in South Africa in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This thesis sets out to identify both the factors which gave rise to the concept of "development" in South Africa, and the primary actors responsible for propagating the new ideas. It will also investigate the particular inflection given to "development" by apartheid policies. It will be argued that not only did "development" constitute part of a broad programme of ideological restructuring, but it also had practical content, shaping policies which had a material impact on the lives of millions of South Africans. A case study of the Transkei homeland will trace the rise of "development thinking" in one part of South Africa, and will argue that while the ideological content of socio-economic programmes might have altered, they did not appear to have substantially improved the living conditions of those to whom they were ostensibly directed.

Thesis--Leipzig. / Cover title. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-92).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-107).

The aim of this study was to investigate the present development of the Transkei and to propose a policy for its future development, bearing in mind the potential of' the country and its people. The Transkei, an independent state, was looked at in relation to the developed areas of Southern Africa, and found to be geographically isolated from such economically developed areas and major communication links. Hence stimulated development is necessary. Physiographically the Transkei can be divided into three regions. Practically speaking two distinct regions can be distinguished, viz. the coastal sub-tropical region and the inland grass regions suitable for mixed farming.The natural resources which have the best development potential are forests, builders' marble, base minerals and water resources in general. Certain areas of the Transkei were found to be ideally suitable for the production of cash crops such as coffee, cotton, sugar, tea and fibre. The rest of the Transkei is suitable for mixed farming. There is thus a possibility of processing various products, i.e. an industrial potential. The problem in the Transkei is defined as basically a social problem; the attitude of the people does not create an environment conducive to economic development. Productivity per morgen and per person is low. With 98% of the population living in the non-urban areas and 85% of the economically active population being engaged in agriculture there is over-crowding on the land and per capita income is low.The standard of education of the people is low and there are virtually no employment opportunities other than in subsistence farming.

In recent times much attention has b een focussed on the spatial development of countries, especially in those countries of the world referred to as the Third World. Many factors have given rise to this interest. It has arisen due in part to the important position of development today both as a means of enhancing the wealth of man's environment, and as a means of raising living standards. It is also a result of the problems being experienced by many countries due to the large spatial inequalities in development that has arisen in these countries. In Transkei a history of racial discrimination and the impact of its close relationship to its former colonial power, South Africa, have combined to produce a spatial pattern of development in which inequalities have become evident. Unfortunately, meaningful efforts have not been evolved to manage the inequalities in such a way as to achieve a balance in spatial development. The need therefore exists to study the factors causing variations in spatial development in Transkei and to suggest methods through which the evolving pattern can be adapted to conform to, if a balance in spatial development is to be obtained from the present pattern of inequalities. Arising from the background given, this study set out within the growth pole framework to examine the linkages between Butterworth, the most industrial region in Transkei and the rest of the space economy. Forty nine industries and a total of 645 industrial employees of various categories were selected for the study. Linkages were measured with respect to sources of raw materials, destination of finished goods, origin of industrial employees and the destinations of remittances by industrial employees. Through the use of techniques such as percentage concentration, correlations, and regression analysis among others for the analysis of the data, the following information emerged from the study: (i) agglomeration economies for the industries in Butterworth are minimal. (ii) Linkages between Butterworth industries and the rest of the Transkeian space economy are minimal. The minimal agglomeration economies and linkages have been due to the fact that industries are set up in Butterworth neither because a market exist for its products nor that raw materials exist that are to be utilised in production. This implies that industrial developments as at present is not being properly guided to ensure the attainment of a balanced spatial pattern of development. From the above findings, it has been proposed that programmes geared towards the establishment of linkages such as the production of raw materials for the industries will be more beneficial than the present regional development strategy. The need for support measures for the industries in Butterworth has also been proposed as a method of raising their economic efficiency and hence their ability to transmit developmental impulses to other regions in Transkei. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1991.

The Republic of Transkei, the first of the "Independent" National States has financed a number of research projects which have attempted to establish a data base on which a Five Year Development Plan can be grounded. A important element of this plan has been the suggestion of the creation of a hierarchy of Service Centres in the rural areas of Transkei. From these, it is envisaged that essential services could be distributed to the rural poor. In addition, these Centres are expected assist with the co-ordination of other projects based in the rural areas, and, further, to contain some inherent growth potential which could stimulate development. It was intended that this thesis should provide a critical analysis development planning in for the rural areas of Transkei. Particular attention has been paid to the existing conditions and structures in the rural areas, and the manner in which these might influence the success or otherwise of a Service Centre Approach. In addition, the relationship between rural households in Transkei, and the South African economy has also been examined. Chapter One of this thesis introduces the importance of development studies in Southern Africa. It goes on to examine the important theoretical approaches to Third World economies, notably, the Dualistic and the Dependency paradigms. The Althussarian concept of an articulation of two or more modes of production is discussed in this section. Thereafter, the Southern African development experiance is reviewed, taking into account the Liberal and Radical interpretations, and placing these within the paradigms discussed earlier. The chapter concludes by situating Transkei within the broader Southern African political economy. Chapter Two discusses the Rural Service Centre concept, and the emphasis which has been placed on it in Transkeian planning. The chapter raises a number a crucial questions regarding this concept and posits that a deeper understanding of the conditions in the rural areas might assist in providing the answers for some of these questions. To this end a household survey was conducted in the Umzimkulu District of Transkei, and the chapter concludes with a description of methodology, and of the areas which were selected for survey. Chapters Three to Five present the findings of the survey, and represent the empirical core of the thesis. Chapter Three describes the demographic characteristics of the sampled population. Chapter Four deals at length with the income generating ability of the rural households, taking into account subistence agriculture, local formal and informal employment, welfare payments and remittances. In addition, a wealth index has been created, and the distribution of wealth examined. Chapter Five briefly introduces the Basic Needs Approach to development, and the remainder of the chapter concerns itself with the fulfilment of essential needs in the Umzimkulu District. Finally, chapter Six draws together the dependnecy theory discussed in chapter One, the data presented in chapters Three to Five, and the politio-economic structure of Transkei. The chapter argues that although the Service Centre Approach may appear to be a suitable strategy for development in purely spatial terms, in fiscal terms the approach contains a crucial flaw. Such an approach requires a redistribution of resources from the urban wealthy to the rural poor. In view of Transkei's dependent status viv-a-vis South Africa, and in view of the nature of the Transkeian bureaucracy , it is argued that such a transfer seems unlikely. However, in order to move away from the overall pessimistic tone of the conclusion, it is suggested the Last Word that, ultimately, it appears that the position of the rural poor will only recieve attention once this group becomes important to politicians in Umtata and Pretoria. Consequently, local development projects should seek ways in which they will be noticed by the government. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 1984.

Caption "TW 17. Lone relict Camdeboo Stink wood on rocky koppie beside road down to Umzimvubu Bridge between Mount Ayliff & Mt. Frere. Nov. 1963."

Caption "TW 17. Aspect of the lone relict Camdeboo stinkwood running down the Umzimvubu Bridge between Mt. Ayliff & Mt. Frere. Nov. 1963."

The purpose of this study is to identify, observe and record the attitudes and use to of contraceptives by black males in Umtata and to investigate the effect of education, urbanisation and age on fertility control. Data was gathered from a sample of adult males who were past the school going age and were employed or working in Umtata and its surburbs, which are Ngangelizwe, Ikwezi, Southernwood, Northcrest, Norwood, Ncambedlana, Nduli Crescent, Fortgale and Hill Crest. Information was also gathered from Nursing officers in charge of family planning service centres in the areas mentioned above. Findings reveal that, although black urbanised educated males in Umtata seem to have accepted the use of contraceptives by themselves and their sexual partners, their patterns of behaviour in relation to fertility control and the value of children to families remains traditional. This contributes to the relatively high fertility rate in the country. Children are an investment for old age. They are also regarded as a security factor against divorce. It is the duty of legally married couples to raise a family with children who will continue to bear the family name. It appears that men are either suspicious of modern contraception if not totally opposed to it. Many still prefer the use of natural methods of contraception. There is thus need for social workers and health planners to recognise and educate males on the use and benefits of modern contraceptives to limit the number of children borne and control periods when they would like to have children. This study will be of value to social welfare services and to family planning nurses who are in direct contact with clients in hospitals and clinics, in their family planning campaigns, when they motivate couples and individuals on the importance of family planning, and also in mother-and-child health services. Educationists, sociologists, psychologists and persons in other fields of study will also benefit from information attained in this survey.