Le réseau électrique s'utilise aujourd'hui comme support de transmission des signaux Ethernet. C’est le concept des courants porteurs en ligne. Cette technique de transmission permet d’obtenir des débits supérieurs au Wifi. Cependant, la complexité des réseaux électriques et l'environnement électromagnétique domestique peuvent dégrader les performances de cette technologie. L’environnement électrique de l'habitat avec ses appareils électroménagers divers en font un milieu difficilement maitrisable. L’objectif est d’appréhender et de modéliser cet environnement et le comportement des équipements qui y sont déployés. Pour cela, ce mémoire présente plusieurs méthodes pour modéliser les lignes électriques dans l'habitat. Les modélisations existantes sont difficilement généralisables à un réseau électrique quelconque. Nous proposons une modélisation de type circuit électrique.Son intérêt réside dans la simplicité de l'outil de simulation d'un réseau électrique, réalisé parla mise en cascade de plusieurs blocs intégrés à la librairie SPICE. Les blocs SPICE proposés prennent en compte la dépendance fréquentielle des paramètres des quadripôles. Une étape de caractérisation expérimentale est développée pour implémenter ces blocs. Un réseau expérimental de test, constitué de différentes technologies de câble, a été caractérisé en termes de bruit, d'impédance et de pertes d'insertion. Le rayonnement émis lors d'une transmission CPL a également été mesuré. / The power line grid is used for data transmission by means of the broad band powerline communication systems (BPLC) The main advantage of this technology consists in providing an existing infrastructure of wires and wall sockets that are easy to access throughout a building and offering physical data rates comparable with other existing communication technologies such as Wi-Fi. Nevertheless, the power line grid complexity, the various connected household appliances and the housing electromagnetic environment,impact the PLC transmission performances. As results the housing environment is not a controllable medium. The objective of the current thesis is to study the electromagnetic environment of the Indoor power line network, and to model the potential impacts of both the power line grid topology and the household devices on the PLC physical layer. The existing modeling approaches require a deduction of theirs parameters from the measurements and cannot be generally applied. We propose a new model based on circuitry approach. Its main interest consists in the simplicity of the simulation tool of power line grid which is based on series symmetric SPICE circuit integrated to SPICE library. To this aim, the characterization of the power cable, of the electrical accessories and household devices is necessary. The impedance of powered household devices is measured according to simple measurement protocol. The proposed model takes into account the variation of the whole primary parameters of the electrical cable as function of frequency. An experimental characterizationof the so called PLC READY test bench was carried out in terms of noise, impedance and insertion loss. The radiated electromagnetic field during a PLC communication is measured.

abstract: Prior work in literature has illustrated the benefits of using surge arrester as a way to improve the lighting performance of the substation and transmission line. Installing surge arresters would enhance the system reliability but it comes with an extra capital expenditure. This thesis provides simulation analysis to examine substation-specific applications of surge arrester as a way of determining the optimal, cost-effective placement of surge arresters. Four different surge arrester installation configurations are examined for the 500/230 kV Rudd substation which belongs to the utility, Salt River Project (SRP). The most efficient configuration is identified in this thesis. A new method “voltage-distance curve” is proposed in this work to evaluate different surge arrester installation configurations. Simulation results show that surge arresters only need to be equipped on certain location of the substation and can still ensure sufficient lightning protection. With lower tower footing resistance, the lightning performance of the transmission line can typically be improved. However, when surge arresters are installed in the system, the footing resistance may have either negative or positive effect on the lightning performance. Different situations for both effects are studied in this thesis. This thesis proposes a surge arrester installation strategy for the overhead transmission line lightning protection. In order to determine the most efficient surge arrester configuration of transmission line, the entire transmission line is divided into several line sections according to the footing resistance of its towers. A line section consists of the towers which have similar footing resistance. Two different designs are considered for transmission line lightning protection, they include: equip different number of surge arrester on selected phase of every tower, equip surge arresters on all phases of selected towers. By varying the number of the towers or the number of phases needs to be equipped with surge arresters, the threshold voltage for line insulator flashover is used to evaluate different surge arrester installation configurations. The way to determine the optimal surge arresters configuration for each line section is then introduced in this thesis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2018

Les composants nano électroniques ont fait l'objet d'intérêt marqué, au sein de la communauté des concepteurs de circuits radiofréquence au cours de ces dernières années. Non seulement ils peuvent présenter des caractéristiques intéressantes, mais ils offrent la perspective d'améliorations de la miniaturisation des composants les plus avancés. Les nanotubes de carbone et les nanofils conducteurs sont attendus comme pouvant potentiellement constituer des blocs utilisables dans les futurs circuits aux très faibles dimensions. Les conducteurs métalliques sont utilisés depuis longtemps pour réaliser des composants passifs dans les circuits intégrés radio fréquence, cependant très peu de travaux ont été menés sur des conducteurs ayant des dimensions nanométriques et fonctionnant dans le domaine millimétrique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'exploré les propriétés RF de conducteurs métalliques aux dimensions nanométriques et la possibilité de les intégrés dans des circuits utilisant des technologies CMOS. Dans cette thèse, des lignes de transmission et des antennes intégrées sur puce, utilisant des nanofils conducteurs, ont été conçues et réalisées en utilisant un processus de fabrication "top-down". Les caractéristiques en terme de transmission de signal ont été observées expérimentalement dans le domaine millimétrique par la mesure de paramètres S. Deux types de lignes ont été conçus : des lignes micro-ruban de faible épaisseur et des lignes coplanaires. Les caractéristiques en fonction de la fréquence du signal d'excitation ont été analysées. Différents paramètres comme la largeur, l'épaisseur, le nombre de nanofils et la distance entre les nanofils ont été étudiés. De plus, un modèle de propagation basée sur des ondes quasi-TEM a été proposé pour obtenir une compréhension fine du comportement physique des nanofils. Par ailleurs, une étude approfondies concernant les techniques d'épluchage (de-embedding) a été menée afin d'améliorer la précision des mesures. En parallèle, des antennes dipôle et IFA, utilisant des nanofils, ont été réalisées pour tester la transmission sans ligne de propagation. Différentes dimensions de conducteurs et différents types de substrats ont été utilisés pour étudier leurs propriétés et obtenir les meilleures performances. / Nano-electronic devices have attracted much attention for the radio frequency engineering community in recent years. They not only exhibit compelling characteristics but show promises to enhance the miniaturization of modern devices. Carbon nanotubes and conducting nanowires are believed to be potential building blocks for ultra-small chip of the future. Metallic wires have long been utilized as the passive components in the RF integrated circuit but there are very few studies on their nanoscale counterpart particularly up to millimeter-wave frequencies. The focus of this thesis is to explore RF properties of metallic nanowires and their potentials to be integrated in CMOS communication technology. In this thesis, transmission lines and on-chip antennas integrated with metallic nanowires were developed enabled by top-down fabrication processes. The signal transmission properties of such devices were characterized well into the mm-wave regime based on two-port S-parameters measurement. Two types of nano-transmission lines were designed: thin film microstrip lines and coplanar waveguides. Their transmission characteristics as a function of frequencies were analysed. Different parameters like the linewidth, thickness, number of nanowires, and the distance between the wires were examined. In addition, a quasi-TEM propagation model was proposed to provide a further insight into the physical behaviours of the nanowires. Moreover, a comprehensive study regarding the de-embedding techniques was carried out in order to improve measurement accuracy. Meanwhile, on-chip dipoles and planar meander-line inverted–F antenna were implemented to test the wireless signal transmission of the metallic nanowires. Various wires dimensions and substrates were designed to exploit their characteristics thus facilitating better transmission.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 daltin_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 841004 bytes, checksum: da77f2e8d8ccd4d0094ea607844c7530 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação descreve um processo alternativo para decompor uma linha de transmissão trifásica, simétrica e não transposta nos seus modos exatos por meio da utilização de duas matrizes de transformação. A primeira é a matriz de Clarke que desacopla a linha em suas componentes a, ß e zero. A componente ß é um modo exato enquanto que as componentes a e zero são acopladas. Em seguida, as componentes a e zero são representadas por uma linha bifásica que pode ser decomposta em seus modos exatos por meio de uma matriz de transformação adequada, cujos elementos podem ser sintetizados, no domínio do tempo, por técnicas de aproximações por curvas. O método pretende unir as vantagens da matriz de transformação exata (que produz modos exatos) com as vantagens da matriz de Clarke, que é real, independente da freqüência e facilmente representável em programas que realizam simulações de transitórios, como é o caso do EMTP. Assim, o método pode ser utilizado em situações em que o acoplamento entre as componentes a e zero não possa ser desconsiderado. O processo foi utilizado para simular a energização de uma linha trifásica, sem transposição, com um plano de simetria vertical, 440 kV e comprimento de 500 km que foi representada no domínio modal por meio do método proposto e também por meio do uso da matriz de autovetores (como sendo a matriz de decomposição modal). O método é coerente, pois foram obtidos resultados semelhantes com os dois métodos de decomposição modal, enquanto que com o uso somente da matriz de Clarke, verificou- se certa diferença em relação aos valores esperados. / This dissertation describes an alternative procedure to decompose a non-transposed threephase transmission line into exact modes, by using two transformation matrices. The first one is Clarke's matrix, which separates the line into quasi-modes a, ß e zero. The ß component is an exact mode while a and zero are coupled. After that, the coupled components are represented by using a two-phase transmission line without a vertical symmetry plane that can be decomposed with a modal transformation matrix whose elements can be achieved, in timedomain, through standard curve-fitting techniques. The method intends to join the Clarke's matrix advantages which crucial aspect is being real, frequency-independent and easily represented in computational transient programs (EMTP) with eigenvector's matrix used in situations where the coupling between a and zero components cannot be disconsidered. The process was used to energize a three-phase transmission line with a vertical symmetry plane, which nominal voltage is 440kV and its length, 500km. It was represented in the modal domain by considered method and, on the other hand, by using eigenvector's matrix (as being the decomposition matrix). In fact, the obtained results had shown that the method is coherent, because it is obtained similar results with the application of the two mentioned modal decomposition methods, whereas with the use of Clarke's matrix, a perceptible difference in relation to the expected values was verified.

A utilização de energia solar fotovoltaica é amplamente difundida no mundo e possui caráter promissor no Brasil atualmente. Apesar do grande potencial brasileiro, esta fonte de energia ainda apresenta baixos níveis de utilização. A competitividade da geração fotovoltaica de grande porte em usinas solares fotovoltaicas ainda não atingiu patamares admissíveis com taxas de retorno financeiro atrativas ao mercado nacional. Por se tratar de uma fonte de energia renovável, sua utilização no cenário mundial tem apresentado crescimento nos últimos anos. Mesmo em países que apresentam potenciais solares inferiores aos do Brasil, esta fonte de energia tem se mostrado competitiva devido aos incentivos oferecidos. Tendo em vista este prisma, o presente trabalho busca apresentar possibilidades de inserção de usinas solares fotovoltaicas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A usina proposta possui capacidade de geração de 30 MWp. Este estudo visa apresentar uma proposta de diversificar a geração de energia elétrica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, apresentando uma nova alternativa de geração de energia renovável. Para tal realização, foram estudadas as linhas de transmissão e subestações existentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul como forma de avaliar a possibilidade de conexão direta da nova usina, tendo como objetivo a redução do custo de instalação. Foi realizado o cálculo da produtividade fotovoltaica para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul e a análise dos custos de instalação desta fonte no Estado, bem como a relação de preço da geração centralizada no estado. / The use of photovoltaic solar energy is widespread in the world and has promising character in Brazil today. Despite the large Brazilian potential, this energy source still shows low levels of utilization. The competitiveness of photovoltaic generation in large solar photovoltaic power plants has not yet reached acceptable levels with attractive rates of financial return to the national market. Because it is a renewable source of energy, its use in the world has been increasing in recent years. Even in countries that have lower solar potential than Brazil, this source of energy has been competitive due to the incentives offered. Given this perspective, this paper seeks to show the possibilities for integration of photovoltaic solar plants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The proposed plant has a generation capacity of 30 MWp . This study aims to present a proposal to diversify the electricity generation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, presenting a new alternative source of renewable energy . For this achievement, the existing transmission lines and substations were studied in the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a way to evaluate the possibility of direct connection of the new plant, with the objective of reducing the cost of installation. The calculation of photovoltaic productivity for the state of Rio Grande do Sul and cost analysis of installing this source was held as well the price ratio of centralized generation.

Na sociedade atual as estruturas de linhas de transmissão são consideradas componentes essenciais do sistema de infraestrutura urbana. Sua função é a de transmitir a eletricidade gerada nas fontes de produção até o consumidor através de uma rede de distribuição. Este tipo de estruturas por sua extensão, exposição e variações topográficas, se mostram vulneráveis ao carregamento dinâmico de ventos originados a partir tormentas elétricas, tais como downbursts e tornados. No Brasil tem-se observado nos últimos tempos um aumento de acidentes neste tipo de estrutura, principalmente devido à incidência de fortes ventos. No presente trabalho estuda-se o comportamento dinâmico de um trecho de linha de transmissão da empresa Eletrobrás FURNAS quando submetido à ação de ventos provenientes de downburst. Na pesquisa foram identificados os principais modelos analíticos disponíveis na literatura que oferecem o campo de velocidades horizontais e verticais médias e a componente flutuante. Com base e alguns dos modelos identificados na revisão bibliográfica, implementou-se um programa computacional capaz de simular todas as componentes do campo de velocidades de um downburst em movimento. A partir do programa implementado foi realizado um estudo paramétrico onde identificou-se a combinação de variáveis do evento que provoca a maior energia cinética armazenada. Finalmente é apresentada uma revisão estrutural dos montantes da torre central da linha modelada, através da análise da relação demanda/capacidade na altura da coluna. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a combinação de variáveis que provoca os resultados de forças internas mais críticos varia em relação a cada componente da linha considerado. O estudo de sensibilidade das variáveis envolvidas nos modelos implementados revelou que existe um incremento monotônico crescente da energia cinética armazenada com o aumento dos parâmetros e para a maioria dos casos, exceto quando =500 . Da flutuação e sua influência no comportamento dinâmico na linha analisada, conclui-se que a consideração das flutuações na resposta dinâmica dos cabos condutores e para-raios pode ser desprezada, fato que foi comprovado através dos valores obtidos na inclinação das linhas de tendência realizadas. / Transmission Lines (TL) are considered one of the essential components of the urban infrastructure. Their role is to transmit electricity from sources of production to the distribution system and then to consumers. This type of structure for its length, exposure and topographical variations, show themselves vulnerable to dynamic loading winds originated from electrical storms such as tornadoes and downbursts. In Brazil, it has been observed recently, an increase in the accidents of this type of structure, primarily due to incidence of strong winds. In the present research, is analyzed the dynamic behavior of a transmission line system of Eletrobras Furnas Company when subjected to downburst. In the investigation, the main analytical models available in the literature that offer the wind field of horizontal and vertical speeds and the fluctuating component were identified. Based on some of the models identified in the literature review, was implemented a computer program capable of simulating all components of the velocity of a moving downburst. Based on the implemented program was conducted a parametric study in order to identify the combination of variables that causes the greatest kinetic stored energy. Finally is presented a structural review of the columns of the central tower of the system, by examining the demand/capacity relationship. Regarding to the parametric study, it was found that the combination of variables which causes the most critical internal forces varies for each component of the line considered. The sensibility study of the variables involved the models used in this study revealed that there is a growing monotonic increase in the stored energy with the accretion of and 1.parameters for most of the cases, except when 0=500 . Analyses conducted using the fluctuations in the mean wind field reveal that the resonant response of the conductor and ground wire cables can be neglected, a fact that was confirmed by the values obtained from the slope of the trend lines held.

abstract: This thesis presents a probabilistic evaluation of multiple laterally loaded drilled pier foundation design approaches using extensive data from a geotechnical investigation for a high voltage electric transmission line. A series of Monte Carlo simulations provide insight about the computed level of reliability considering site standard penetration test blow count value variability alone (i.e., assuming all other aspects of the design problem do not contribute error or bias). Evaluated methods include Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design procedures, the Federal Highway Administration drilled shaft LRFD design method, the Electric Power Research Institute transmission foundation design procedure and a site specific variability based approach previously suggested by the author of this thesis and others. The analysis method is defined by three phases: a) Evaluate the spatial variability of an existing subsurface database. b) Derive theoretical foundation designs from the database in accordance with the various design methods identified. c) Conduct Monti Carlo Simulations to compute the reliability of the theoretical foundation designs. Over several decades, reliability-based foundation design (RBD) methods have been developed and implemented to varying degrees for buildings, bridges, electric systems and other structures. In recent years, an effort has been made by researchers, professional societies and other standard-developing organizations to publish design guidelines, manuals and standards concerning RBD for foundations. Most of these approaches rely on statistical methods for quantifying load and resistance probability distribution functions with defined reliability levels. However, each varies with regard to the influence of site-specific variability on resistance. An examination of the influence of site-specific variability is required to provide direction for incorporating the concept into practical RBD design methods. Recent surveys of transmission line engineers by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) demonstrate RBD methods for the design of transmission line foundations have not been widely adopted. In the absence of a unifying design document with established reliability goals, transmission line foundations have historically performed very well, with relatively few failures. However, such a track record with no set reliability goals suggests, at least in some cases, a financial premium has likely been paid. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014

With the proliferation of various electronic and electrical devices, IEMI has become a critical issue that may severely threaten the modern society. For practical protection considerations, it is crucial to comprehensively evaluate the potential damages resulted by IEMI. The major objective of this thesis is to study the impacts of IEMI on the targeted load in complex networks. More exactly, with respect to certain IEMI, the characteristics of the resulting frequency response on the targeted load are studied, and the effects of network configurations, i.e., the attribute of load impedances, lengths of lines, parameters of disturbance source, location of source and network structures, are also investigated. First, we developed a novel efficient method to solve the frequency response, which is applicable for arbitrary networks. The key idea is decomposing the whole complex network into multiple equivalent units, and performing a recursive approach to efficiently compute the frequency response without losing the precision. Subsequently, we studied the periodicity of the load response in the frequency domain. Starting with a simple network, we derived and verified the period of the frequency response. During the study, the periodicity with respect to load and media was discussed. Furthermore, with respect to five important time-domain norms, i.e., time-domain peak, total signal energy, peak signal power, peak time rate of change, and peak time integral of the pulse, we considered a parameterized ultra-wideband (UWB) transient as the disturbance source, and thoroughly studied its impacts on the targeted load regarding network configurations, which include load impedance, the lengths of lines and parameters of the UWB transient. Finally, we adopted a statistical approach to investigate the receptivity at the targeted load in a network. Via complementary cumulative distribution function, the stochastic IEMI and its effects on the targeted load were studied. Moreover, by statistical approach, we also investigated how the network structure affects the frequency response of the targeted load. The results give suggestions on how to protect the targeted load by varying network structures. / <p>QC 20170922</p>

Society is increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of energy systems, and prefers to locate power lines underground. In future, certain socially/environmentally sensitive overhead transmission feeders will need to include underground cable sections. Fault location, especially when using travelling waves, become complicated when the combined transmission line includes a number of discontinuities, such as junction points, teed points and fault points. Consequently, a diverse range of fault locators were developed in this thesis, and the performance of the proposed fault locators investigated. For a combined transmission line (CTL), consisting of one or more overhead line sections and one or more underground cable sections, a hybrid fault location scheme is proposed. This utilises the robustness of an impedance based distance algorithm and the accuracy, but stability concerns, of a travelling wave based fault locator, to determine the faulted section. The distance algorithm can determine the approximate fault location, but if the fault is located near an “underground-overhead” junction point, the accuracy is not sufficient to decide whether the fault is located on the overhead or the underground section. This thesis proposes utilizing a single end travelling wave fault locator to improve the accuracy of the fault location decision. The single end travelling wave fault locator can determine the fault section according to the permutation of the polarity of the “special surges”, which is especially important when the fault is close to a junction point. However, this single end fault locator fails in certain “blind” areas, wand these require the use of a distance relay to help determine fault section. Simulation results demonstrated that this hybrid fault locator can reliably determine which section of the feeder is faulty. For all types of CTL, including teed networks, the multiple-end travelling wave fault locator, utilising the arrival time at the feeder ends of the first fault instigated surges, can estimate the fault location. One of the main features of the proposed fault locator is the classification of the time difference between the arrivals of a fault instigated surge at the feeder ends as standard values, when the fault is located at each of the junction points or teed points. Comparing the time differences measured during an actual fault with these standard values allows the faulted feeder section to be estimated. The simulation results show this multiple-end travelling wave fault locator is highly reliable and suitable for application on combined overhead and underground transmission lines.

A utilização de energia solar fotovoltaica é amplamente difundida no mundo e possui caráter promissor no Brasil atualmente. Apesar do grande potencial brasileiro, esta fonte de energia ainda apresenta baixos níveis de utilização. A competitividade da geração fotovoltaica de grande porte em usinas solares fotovoltaicas ainda não atingiu patamares admissíveis com taxas de retorno financeiro atrativas ao mercado nacional. Por se tratar de uma fonte de energia renovável, sua utilização no cenário mundial tem apresentado crescimento nos últimos anos. Mesmo em países que apresentam potenciais solares inferiores aos do Brasil, esta fonte de energia tem se mostrado competitiva devido aos incentivos oferecidos. Tendo em vista este prisma, o presente trabalho busca apresentar possibilidades de inserção de usinas solares fotovoltaicas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A usina proposta possui capacidade de geração de 30 MWp. Este estudo visa apresentar uma proposta de diversificar a geração de energia elétrica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, apresentando uma nova alternativa de geração de energia renovável. Para tal realização, foram estudadas as linhas de transmissão e subestações existentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul como forma de avaliar a possibilidade de conexão direta da nova usina, tendo como objetivo a redução do custo de instalação. Foi realizado o cálculo da produtividade fotovoltaica para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul e a análise dos custos de instalação desta fonte no Estado, bem como a relação de preço da geração centralizada no estado. / The use of photovoltaic solar energy is widespread in the world and has promising character in Brazil today. Despite the large Brazilian potential, this energy source still shows low levels of utilization. The competitiveness of photovoltaic generation in large solar photovoltaic power plants has not yet reached acceptable levels with attractive rates of financial return to the national market. Because it is a renewable source of energy, its use in the world has been increasing in recent years. Even in countries that have lower solar potential than Brazil, this source of energy has been competitive due to the incentives offered. Given this perspective, this paper seeks to show the possibilities for integration of photovoltaic solar plants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The proposed plant has a generation capacity of 30 MWp . This study aims to present a proposal to diversify the electricity generation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, presenting a new alternative source of renewable energy . For this achievement, the existing transmission lines and substations were studied in the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a way to evaluate the possibility of direct connection of the new plant, with the objective of reducing the cost of installation. The calculation of photovoltaic productivity for the state of Rio Grande do Sul and cost analysis of installing this source was held as well the price ratio of centralized generation.