Franklin H. Moss and Adrian Segall. / Bibliography: p. 42. / "September 1978." / Supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency (monitored by ONR) under Contract no. N00014-75-C-1183 Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd. no. 050-383

Moshe Sidi and Adrian Segall. / Bibliography: p. 17. / "June, 1981." / Office of Naval Research contract No. ONR/N00014-77-C-0532

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2003. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science & Engineering. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-128). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=913494611&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=13&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1174573026&clientId=5220

While two objectives of deregulation are to reduce service interruptions and achieve lower energy costs, deregulation has actually introduced new problems in both areas. Since the transmission network was built in the last century, mainly for the regulated power systems, with mostly local power transfers, the increased long distance power transfer introduced by free energy trading has made congestion happen more frequently. When congestion happens, service interruptions occur and higher energy costs arise. We approach the issue from the viewpoints of both planning and online operations. Accordingly, we develop a reactive online remedying method that uses Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS) devices to eliminate congestion with minimum transaction curtailment to maintain market force. We also develop a proactive preventive method for offline planning, such as in the day-ahead market, which uses FACTS devices to maximize the Total Transfer Capability so that more transactions can be scheduled without causing congestion in the system. Optimal Power Flow is used for both methods with FACTS devices treated as control variables so that they can be adjusted to the best FACTS parameters to minimize the transaction curtailment or maximize the Total Transfer Capability. We demonstrate that FACTS devices are very effective for both situations. Since the installation of FACTS devices involves heavy infrastructure investment, an effective pricing method needs to be in place to encourage this investment by guaranteeing sufficient return. This research uses a novel pricing scheme to charge for both utilizing the FACTS devices and having the FACTS devices operating at their limits. The owners of the FACTS devices will then be able to recover their investment. With the above control method and the pricing method, we can make better use of the existing transmission network and relieve congestion. However, deregulation may also degrade system reliability since the generation companies are not obligated to sell into the market and market participation is driven by market forces instead. We use the market share based short-term adequacy analysis method to address generation resource adequacy issues. The market share based method uses the market share time series for the generation companies to reflect their market behavior in the new environment. Multiple regression modeling, a tool of time series analysis, is used to model involved factors. We demonstrate how the market share based short-term adequacy analysis method can capture the adequacy problems that the traditional method cannot. In addition, it can also help to remedy the adequacy problems, which can in turn reduce service interruption and thus the energy price.

Many different Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been studied in recent years in order to control the flow of power through transmission lines and reduce the overall burden on the power grid. The net results of these devices are decreased utility costs, increased system stability, and improved system flexibility. The main issues with most currently available FACTS controllers are the high costs of installation, and operation. The Sen Transformer (ST) is a new FACTS device that decreases these costs by using relatively inexpensive and industry familiar transformer technology to independently control the active and reactive power in a transmission line.<p> This thesis introduces the first full transient model for the ST developed in an ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) using a hybrid transformer modeling approach. This technique handles all the non-linearities of the core, including losses and saturation effects, as well as inter-phase coupling, and zero sequence effect with an attached topographically correct core model. This new model can be used in a variety of power system studies such as transient and dynamic simulations, and protection analysis. The flexibility of the hybid ST model allows for different core and winding configurations as well as response to very fast transients with little modification. Fault analysis studies are presented to showcase the capabilities of the transient ST model developed.<p> The first ST transient model using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique is also created for comparison with the hybrid ST model. This method uses Maxwells equations, material non-linearities and coupled electric circuits to obtain a precise transient solution for the ST. There is good agreement between the two models in a test system for multiple types of fault scenarios. The hybrid ST model is therefore the preferred model to use for fault analysis since it reduces simulation time drastically when compared to the FEA ST model.<p> The hybrid ST model is then used to develop and test differential, and ground protection schemes that ensure device safety during faulted scenarios. The protection schemes are analyzed and compared with analogous Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) schemes that have been implemented for many years.

<p>The weather environment has a significant impact on the reliability of a power system due to its effect on the system failure mechanisms of overhead circuits and on the operational ability of an electric power utility. The physical stresses created by weather increase the failure rates of transmission or distribution lines operating in adverse weather conditions, resulting in increased coincident failures of multiple circuits. Exceptionally severe weather can cause immense system damages and significantly impact the reliability performance. Recognition of the pertinent weather impacts clearly indicates the need to develop appropriate models and techniques that incorporate variable weather conditions for realistic estimation of reliability indices.</p> <p>This thesis illustrates a series of multi-state weather models that can be utilized for predictive reliability assessment incorporating adverse and extremely adverse weather conditions. The studies described in this thesis are mainly focused on the analyses using the three state weather model. A series of multi-state weather models are developed and utilized to assess reliability performance of parallel redundant configurations. The application of weather modeling in reliability evaluation is illustrated using a practical transmission system. The thesis presents an approach to identify weather specific contributions to system reliability indices and illustrates the technique by utilizing a test distribution system. The analysis of a range of reliability distributions with regard to major event day segmentation is presented.</p><p>The research work illustrated in this thesis clearly illustrates that reliability indices estimated without recognition of weather situations are unrealistic and that at minimum the three state weather model should be applied in reliability evaluation of systems residing in varying weather environments. The conclusions, concepts and techniques presented in this thesis should prove useful in practical application.</p>

Many different Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been studied in recent years in order to control the flow of power through transmission lines and reduce the overall burden on the power grid. The net results of these devices are decreased utility costs, increased system stability, and improved system flexibility. The main issues with most currently available FACTS controllers are the high costs of installation, and operation. The Sen Transformer (ST) is a new FACTS device that decreases these costs by using relatively inexpensive and industry familiar transformer technology to independently control the active and reactive power in a transmission line.<p> This thesis introduces the first full transient model for the ST developed in an ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) using a hybrid transformer modeling approach. This technique handles all the non-linearities of the core, including losses and saturation effects, as well as inter-phase coupling, and zero sequence effect with an attached topographically correct core model. This new model can be used in a variety of power system studies such as transient and dynamic simulations, and protection analysis. The flexibility of the hybid ST model allows for different core and winding configurations as well as response to very fast transients with little modification. Fault analysis studies are presented to showcase the capabilities of the transient ST model developed.<p> The first ST transient model using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique is also created for comparison with the hybrid ST model. This method uses Maxwells equations, material non-linearities and coupled electric circuits to obtain a precise transient solution for the ST. There is good agreement between the two models in a test system for multiple types of fault scenarios. The hybrid ST model is therefore the preferred model to use for fault analysis since it reduces simulation time drastically when compared to the FEA ST model.<p> The hybrid ST model is then used to develop and test differential, and ground protection schemes that ensure device safety during faulted scenarios. The protection schemes are analyzed and compared with analogous Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) schemes that have been implemented for many years.

When a network packet is formed by a computer's protocol stack, there are many components (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) of the computer that are involved in the process. The objective of this research is to identify, characterize and analyze the effects of the various components of a device (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) on the device's network traffic by measuring the changes in its network traffic with changes in its components. We also show how this characterization can be used to effectively perform counterfeit detection of devices which have counterfeit components (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.). To obtain this characterization, we measure and apply statistical analyses like probability distribution fucntions (PDFs) on the interarrival times (IATs) of the device's network packets (e.g., ICMP, UDP, TCP, etc.). The device is then modified by changing just one component (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) at a time while holding the rest constant and acquiring the IATs again. This, over many such iterations provides an understanding of the effect of each component on the overall device IAT statistics. Such statistics are captured for devices (e.g., field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and personal computers (PCs)) of different types. Some of these statistics remain stable across different IAT captures for the same device and differ for different devices (completely different devices or even the same device with its components changed). Hence, these statistical variations can be used to detect changes in a device's composition, which lends itself well to counterfeit detection. Counterfeit devices are abundant in today's world and cause billions of dollars of loss in revenue. Device components are substituted with inferior quality components or are replaced by lower capacity components. Armed with our understanding of the effects of various device components on the device's network traffic, we show how such substitutions or alterations of legitimate device components can be detected and hence perform effective counterfeit detection by statistically analyzing the deviation of the device's IATs from that of the original legitimate device. We perform such counterfeit detection experiments on various types of device configurations (e.g., PC with changed CPU, RAM, etc.) to prove the technique's efficacy. Since this technique is a fully network-based solution, it is also a non-destructive technique which can quickly, inexpensively and easily verify the device's legitimacy. This research also discusses the limitations of network-based counterfeit detection.

<p>The weather environment has a significant impact on the reliability of a power system due to its effect on the system failure mechanisms of overhead circuits and on the operational ability of an electric power utility. The physical stresses created by weather increase the failure rates of transmission or distribution lines operating in adverse weather conditions, resulting in increased coincident failures of multiple circuits. Exceptionally severe weather can cause immense system damages and significantly impact the reliability performance. Recognition of the pertinent weather impacts clearly indicates the need to develop appropriate models and techniques that incorporate variable weather conditions for realistic estimation of reliability indices.</p> <p>This thesis illustrates a series of multi-state weather models that can be utilized for predictive reliability assessment incorporating adverse and extremely adverse weather conditions. The studies described in this thesis are mainly focused on the analyses using the three state weather model. A series of multi-state weather models are developed and utilized to assess reliability performance of parallel redundant configurations. The application of weather modeling in reliability evaluation is illustrated using a practical transmission system. The thesis presents an approach to identify weather specific contributions to system reliability indices and illustrates the technique by utilizing a test distribution system. The analysis of a range of reliability distributions with regard to major event day segmentation is presented.</p><p>The research work illustrated in this thesis clearly illustrates that reliability indices estimated without recognition of weather situations are unrealistic and that at minimum the three state weather model should be applied in reliability evaluation of systems residing in varying weather environments. The conclusions, concepts and techniques presented in this thesis should prove useful in practical application.</p>

The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is a series controller of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It can be controlled by Thyristors, it also has the ability of fast control adjustments and high frequency operation. Through impedance compensation, it is able to control the magnitude and directions of the real power flow in the transmission system. In order to achieve a fast and steady response for real power control in power systems, this thesis proposed a unified intelligent controller, which consists of RBFNN and GA for the SSSC to provide better control features for real power control in the dynamic operations of power systems. Finally, the simulation results of the proposed controllers is compared with the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controllers to demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the unified intelligent controller.