Exposure of employees to traumatic experiences in the workplace is a reality that many organisations face. Although not every person exposed to a traumatic experience will necessarily develop post-traumatic stress, the workplace still has a responsibility to assist individuals to deal with psychological reactions after a traumatic experience. The South African Police Service (SAPS) is one such organisation, where employees run a particularly high risk of being exposed to traumatic experiences while performing their tasks. In order to help employees of the SAPS to debrief their trauma, trauma counsellors are necessary. Within the SAPS, trauma counsellors are trained in an adapted version of Mitchell’s Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) model, with the underlying focus to establish a sense of safety for the police official. The trauma counsellors in the SAPS are trained by means of an experiential learning experience, where journaling is utilised to capture personal experiences during the training. The objective of the study was therefore to explore the experience of counsellors during a trauma counselling training programme. A qualitative research design was utilised following a phenomenology approach. The social constructivism paradigm was also utilised in this research study. Trauma counsellors (N=12) in the SAPS were used as case study for this research, where a purposive homogeneous non-probability sampling technique was implemented. The journal entries made by the participants during the nine day training programme were used as a data collection method. Four categories were extracted from the data, namely, thoughts regarding trauma counsellor’s experiences, emotion experiences of counsellors, the impact of daily experiences on counsellors and the participants’ view on how their competence of efficiency would change in the future. The results showed that the training programme was an effective strategy to train the counsellors. The counsellors showed increased self-awareness and self-insight after the training. The participants gained insight and understanding of how police officials experience trauma. The findings showed that the participants felt empowered and more confident to assist police officials with their trauma recovery. In relation to their training, counsellors made recommendations for the future training of trauma counsellors within the SAPS. Finally, recommendations were made for future research as well as the implications of the study for the industrial psychology practise. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Exposure of employees to traumatic experiences in the workplace is a reality that many organisations face. Although not every person exposed to a traumatic experience will necessarily develop post-traumatic stress, the workplace still has a responsibility to assist individuals to deal with psychological reactions after a traumatic experience. The South African Police Service (SAPS) is one such organisation, where employees run a particularly high risk of being exposed to traumatic experiences while performing their tasks. In order to help employees of the SAPS to debrief their trauma, trauma counsellors are necessary. Within the SAPS, trauma counsellors are trained in an adapted version of Mitchell’s Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) model, with the underlying focus to establish a sense of safety for the police official. The trauma counsellors in the SAPS are trained by means of an experiential learning experience, where journaling is utilised to capture personal experiences during the training. The objective of the study was therefore to explore the experience of counsellors during a trauma counselling training programme. A qualitative research design was utilised following a phenomenology approach. The social constructivism paradigm was also utilised in this research study. Trauma counsellors (N=12) in the SAPS were used as case study for this research, where a purposive homogeneous non-probability sampling technique was implemented. The journal entries made by the participants during the nine day training programme were used as a data collection method. Four categories were extracted from the data, namely, thoughts regarding trauma counsellor’s experiences, emotion experiences of counsellors, the impact of daily experiences on counsellors and the participants’ view on how their competence of efficiency would change in the future. The results showed that the training programme was an effective strategy to train the counsellors. The counsellors showed increased self-awareness and self-insight after the training. The participants gained insight and understanding of how police officials experience trauma. The findings showed that the participants felt empowered and more confident to assist police officials with their trauma recovery. In relation to their training, counsellors made recommendations for the future training of trauma counsellors within the SAPS. Finally, recommendations were made for future research as well as the implications of the study for the industrial psychology practise. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

新聞記者因為報導重大創傷事件或社會悲劇，常常需要暴露在充滿創傷的環境如災難現場、事故現場；接觸身心受創傷的人及採訪敘述他人的創傷記憶。這些對創傷的接觸都使新聞記者不斷目睹他人的傷痛並感到身心俱疲，甚至在採訪傷痛經驗後同樣感到「受傷」。 近年國外一些媒體組織和大學新聞系所已開始發展與創傷識讀有關的訓練，幫助記者認識創傷是什麼、受害人在經歷悲慘事件後的創傷反應、採訪創傷新聞可能會帶給記者本身什麼影響、怎麼處理不同類型的創傷新聞及如何調適採訪悲劇後的情緒衝擊，但在台灣這樣的訓練並未成型。 本研究協助於2010年底在台東舉辦一個關於創傷識讀的工作坊給當地記者，並透過深度訪談來討論：創傷識讀對參與的台東駐地記者的影響為何？記者在感知因採訪而得的創傷經驗上有沒有什麼改變？創傷識讀有沒有影響記者採訪創傷新聞的方式？ 為了確切討論記者在增加創傷識讀後的改變，本研究用Antonovsky提出的統合感 (Sense of Coherence)中的三大向度，周延理解性(Comprehensibility)、因應管理度(Manageability)及意義性(Meaningfulness)為框架發展訪談問題並分析訪談資料，討論記者參與創傷識讀工作坊後在這三方面的改變。 關鍵字：台東記者、創傷新聞、創傷察覺、創傷識讀、創傷訓練 / The nature of news is that journalists are often required to report traumatic events. As journalists are also the first responders to some trauma memories of people, they may see and be affected by other people's distress and grief. Trainings about trauma have emerged in media organizations or some journalism educational institutes. These trauma training stressed journalists should take more concerns about trauma on others and on self during covering traumatic events. Held a simple workshop about trauma to Taitung journalists and used in-depth interviews to analyze if raising journalists awareness about the possible trauma from covering tragedies, what has changed on their perceptions of their traumatic experience from covering trauma news? Also what has changed on their covering about trauma news when they get more awareness about trauma? The thesis used the concept of sense of coherence to discuss the change on journalists’ comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness about covering trauma news. Key words: Taitung journalists, Trauma news, Traumatic awareness, Trauma literacy, Trauma training