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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24060号 / 地環博第223号 / 新制||地環||42(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 深町 加津枝, 教授 瀬戸口 浩彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-26T14:27:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA198.pdf: 1078885 bytes, checksum: d8fc297fd799d14486911861079a1a6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T14:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA198.pdf: 1078885 bytes, checksum: d8fc297fd799d14486911861079a1a6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Capes / This study aimed to evaluate the behavior and health of hives of honeybees (Apis mellifera) used in pollination services in apple orchards in the municipality of Vacaria, RS. Conducted under the conventional production system. For that were evaluated during two consecutive seasons (2014/15 and 2015/16), the behavior of bees in the collection of flowers resources during the pollination period (09/23/14 to 10/20/14 – crop season 2014 / 15, 09.02.15 and 15.10.15 and between 2015/16 crop season), the occurrence of parasitism by Varroa destructor mites and infections caused by Nosema sp. areas of stored features, and areas of immature hives and A. mellifera used in the pollination of apple orchards. In the course of experiments, the hives had activities during evaluations with an average of 27.5 to 40.8’ bees observed in five minutes. Regardless of the place of origin of the hives or evaluation harvest, the nectar was the preferred feature by bees. It was found that 95% of the bees have sought nectar while only 5% of the search effected pollen. In both crops, beehives used had average ranging from 3.0 to 6.7% of parasitism by V. destructor. There was an increase in parasitism levels in the period of pollination, in high population hives, since hives with smaller populations have not followed the same behavior. The presence of spores Nosema sp. It was noted only in hives used in the harvest of 2014/15, and did not occur in the harvest of 2015/16. There are significant variations in the internal areas of stored resources and areas of immature of hives used for pollination of apple trees services, these related to places of origin, before the entry of the swarms in the orchards. It is that coming from places with large supply of resources are the most affected by the stay in the orchard. which they suffered decreases in the internal space of the hives by the withdrawal of nests in preparation for the stay in the orchards. This fact led to numerous swarming bees reflecting in food reserves and population status. / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento e a sanidade de colmeias da abelha melífera (Apis mellifera) utilizadas em serviços de polinização em pomares de macieiras no município de Vacaria, RS. Conduzidos sob o sistema convencional de produção. Foram avaliados, no decorrer de duas safras consecutivas (2014/15 e 2015/16), o comportamento das abelhas na coleta de recursos florais no decorrer do período de polinização (23/09/14 a 20/10/14 - safra 2014/15, e entre 02/09/15 e 15/10/15 - safra 2015/16), a ocorrência de parasitismo pelo ácaro Varoa destructor e infecções causadas por Nosema sp., áreas de recursos armazenados, e áreas de imaturos em colmeias e de A. mellifera utilizadas na polinização de pomares macieiras. No decorrer do presente experimento as colmeias apresentavam atividades durante as avaliações com média de 27.5 a 40.8 abelhas observadas em cinco minutos. Independentemente do local de origem das colmeias ou safra de avaliação, o néctar foi o recurso preferido pelas abelhas. Foi verificado que 95% das abelhas buscaram o néctar enquanto apenas 5% efetuaram a busca de pólen. Em ambas as safras, as colmeias utilizadas apresentaram médias que variam de 8 3,0 a 6,7 % de parasitismo por V. destructor. Houve aumento nos níveis de parasitismo no período da polinização, em colmeias com alta população, já colmeias com populações menores não seguiram o mesmo comportamento. A presença de esporos de Nosema sp. foi constata apenas em colmeias utilizadas na safra de 2014/15, e não ocorreu na safra de 2015/16. Há variações significativas nas áreas internas de recursos armazenados e áreas de imaturos das colmeias utilizadas em serviços de polinização de macieiras, estas ligadas aos locais de origem, antes da entrada dos enxames nos pomares. Sendo que os vindos de locais com grande oferta de recursos são os mais prejudicados pela estada no pomar, os quais sofreram pelas diminuições no espaço internos das colmeias pela retirada de sobre ninhos em preparação para a estadia nos pomares. Fato que levou a inúmeras enxameações, refletindo nas reservas de alimentos e estado populacional

Ces dernières décennies, la baisse des précipitations estivales en région méditerranéenne associée à l’augmentation des températures a provoqué une diminution de la vitalité des espèces arborées. En raison de sa forte sensibilité à la sécheresse et de sa présence en limite sud de son aire de répartition, les taux de défoliation et de mortalité observés chez le sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill.) en Provence sont importants. Mais la forte variabilité spatiale de la mortalité au sein et entre les placettes indique que les facteurs qui causent la mortalité sont multiples, complexes et peuvent différer selon l’échelle spatiale étudiée.A partir de placettes situées le long de gradients altitudinaux et topographiques localisées dans trois massifs provençaux (Mont Ventoux, forêt domaniale de l’Issole et forêt de Vésubie), nous avons estimé la variabilité spatiale de la mortalité du sapin et l’avons relié aux variables environnementales et endogènes de l’arbre responsables de son mauvais état sanitaire. L’impact des conditions climatiques, édaphiques, biotiques et des caractéristiques de l’arbre et du peuplement a d’abord été estimé sur la croissance des sapins, puis sur la probabilité de mortalité.Les capacités de rétention en eau des sols semblent avoir un rôle prépondérant sur la croissance et sur la mortalité du sapin par comparaison avec les effets de l’altitude ou des conditions climatiques, ce qui est confirmé par les simulations d’un modèle de fonctionnement basé sur les processus. Les taux de mortalité sont d’autant plus élevés que différents agents biotiques sont présents et abondants. Contrairement aux hypothèses de départ, le processus de mortalité ne semble pas être complètement connecté à celui de dépérissement évalué par l’estimation des dommages au niveau du houppier. De plus si dans certaines conditions les arbres morts sont ceuxdont la croissance radiale était la plus faible au cours de leur vie, dans d’autres cas ce sont ceux qui montrent une forte croissance dans les stades juvéniles. Des modèles statistiques de prédiction de mortalité ont été conçus et révèlent la nécessité de prendre en compte la pente de l’évolution de la croissance des dernières années et les variables de croissance relative. Si le sapin est mal adapté aux futures conditions environnementales, il est néanmoins peu probable qu’il disparaisse complètement des massifs provençaux. / During last decades, the decrease in summer rainfalls and temperatures rising causeddecline in vitality of several woody species in the Mediterranean area. Due to its high sensitivity to drought and its location at the southern part of its distribution range, high defoliation and mortality rates are observed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Provence. But the large spatial heterogeneity in mortality, within and between, plots indicates that the factors inducing tree mortality are numerous, complex and can differ between studied spatial scales. Using several plots located along altitudinal and topographic gradients on three mountains in Provence (Mont Ventoux, forêt domaniale de l’Issole and forêt de Vésubie), we estimated the spatial variability of silver fir mortality and related it to environmental and endogenous variables which caused crown damages. The impact of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions and of tree and stand characteristics was assessed on silver fir growth and on the probability of mortality. Soil water capacities seem to have predominant effect of growth and mortality compared with altitudinal or climatic variability effects. This was confirmed by simulations of silver fir functioning using a process-based model. Mortality rates are all the more important since numerous and diverse biotic agents are present. Contrary to initial hypotheses, the mortalityprocess seems not to be always linked with the declining one which is assessed by crown damages estimations. In addition, if in some cases dead trees are those with the lowest growth rates during lifetime, in other cases, dead trees showed high growth rates during the juvenile phase. Statistical models were produced in order to predict mortality and highlight the need to use radial growth trends during last years and relative growth variables at this aim. If silver fir is maladapted to futures environmental conditions, its disappearance of the mountains in Provence is not likely.