The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the attentional focus strategies used by triathletes during the three stages of an Olympic distance triathlon, (b) if level of experience influences the attentional focus strategies used by triathletes, and (c) whether there is a relationship between athletes finishing times and the attentional strategies used in each stage of the race. Triathletes (N = 160) completed the Triathlon Attentional Focus Inventory, which measured association and dissociation during the swim, bike, and run. One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences between the athletes' level of experience and the attentional strategies used, as well as differences between the athletes overall race time and the attentional strategies used during each stage of the triathlon. Athletes with more experience associated more during the race, whereas athletes with less experience dissociated more throughout the race.

Ce travail de thèse s‘organise en trois parties l‘observation de l‘effet de l‘avancée dans l‘âge sur la performance entriathlon, l‘étude du modèle du Master triathlète (i.e. > 40 ans) à travers les facteurs de la performance et la mesurede l‘impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage. Le recrutement de Masters triathlètesentraînés a permis d‘étudier rigoureusement l‘impact du vieillissement sur les fonctions physiologiques impliquéesdans la performance, tout en contrôlant les effets supplémentaires liés à l‘adoption d‘un mode de vie sédentaire. Surune épreuve de triathlon et pour chaque mode de locomotion, le déclin de la performance a une forme exponentielle.Un déclin significatif sur triathlon distance olympique a été observé sur la performance totale à partir de 45 ans chezles Masters triathlètes hommes. Il est plus précoce chez les femmes. Il est plus prononcé sur Ironman que surdistance olympique. Comparé aux autres modes de locomotion, un moindre déclin des performances en cyclisme estobservé. Avant et après un triathlon distance olympique, VO 2max, vVO2max, les vitesses aux seuils ventilatoires etl‘efficience énergétique étaient significativement plus faibles chez les Masters triathlètes, mais le couple maximalvolontaire était similaire pour les deux groupes. 24 heures après la course, une diminution significative et similairepour les deux groupes a été observée pour VO 2max et vVO2max. Il n‘a pas été observé de différence sur le couplemaximal isométrique ou sur l‘efficience énergétique de la course à pied en sous maximal. Lors de l‘épreuve detriathlon, il n‘a pas été observé de différence d‘intensité relative d‘effort entre les deux groupes. Ces résultatsindiquent que chez les sujets bien entraînés, l‘intensité relative de l‘effort sur l‘ensemble d‘un triathlon distanceolympique et la fatigue 24 heures après la course semblent indépendant de l‘âge. La dernière partie du travailexpérimental consistait à mesurer l‘impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage au sein d‘unepopulation de cyclistes et triathlètes tous bien entraînés sur une large tranche d‘âge. Un déclin significatif a étécaractérisé. Les hypothèses explicatives sont multifactorielles. Une relation entre l‘efficience énergétique et laréduction de puissance ou la modification de la composition corporelle avec l‘âge a été établie. D‘autres hypothèsessont évoquées comme le remodelage du schéma d‘activation musculaire et l‘expertise du pédalage, les propriétésmécaniques du muscle ou la part du coût énergétique de la ventilation. / This thesis is organized in three parts closely related, in order to observe the effect of aging on performance intriathlon, to the study the master triathlete model (i.e. > 40 years) through the performance factors and to measurethe impact of aging on the pedaling efficiency. The recruitment of master triathletes regularly trained in enduranceallowed the study of ageing, by controlling the cofounding effects of a sedentary lifestyle or pathologies appearance,on physiological systems. The decline in triathlon performance follows the exponential model. In male subjects,performance loss does not appear before 45 years, whereas in female, it appears earlier. Age-related declines inperformance were less pronounced for Olympic compared with the Ironman distance. There was a lesser age relateddecline in cycling performance compared with running and swimming performances. The second part of this thesisaimed to study the master triathlete model (maximal isometric torque and cardio-respiratory parameters) prior to andfollowing an Olympic distance triathlon. Prior to the event VO 2max, vVO2max, speed at ventilatory thresholds andrunning economy were significantly lower in master athletes, but maximal voluntary torque was similar betweengroups. 24h following the race, a similar significant decrease in VO 2max and vVO2max.was observed in both groups.No change was recorded in maximal voluntary torque or submaximal running economy following the event. Theresults indicate that for well trained subjects, the overall relative exercise intensity during an Olympic distancetriathlon and the fatigue effects of the race 24h after seems to be independent to the age. The last part of theexperimental work was to measure the impact of ageing on the pedaling efficiency in a population of cyclists andtriathletes all well trained on a wide age range. A significant decline was characterized. Explanatory hypotheses aremultifactorial. A relationship between energy efficiency and reduction of power or the modification of the bodycomposition with age has been established. Other assumptions are evoked as the remodeling of the pattern of muscleactivation and the expertise level of cycling, the mechanical properties of muscle or the share of the energy cost ofventilation.

Triathlon status symbols allow community members to gain prestige. The accrual of paraphernalia, such as race apparel and bumper stickers, provide individuals with a means to display their accomplishments for non-participants, too. Ethnographic fieldwork, questionnaires and interviews provided insight into a variety of experiences. The individual nature of the sport is reflected by a participant's decision to display status markers. Car signs (e.g., bumper stickers and license plate frames) are displayed by a quarter of race participants. They come in a variety of forms allowing the car's driver to communicate with triathletes and non-triathletes while driving on the road. The most prestigious triathlon is the Ironman. The M Dot Ironman logo appears as a decal on vehicles and as a mark of permanence on the body. Tattoos act as a formal communication system in a similar manner to car signs. Triathletes display status symbols to garner respect from their peers and separate themselves from the larger society. / by Adam Slotnick. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

O treinamento e a competição em eventos de resistência promovem modificações fisiológicas nos atletas. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de composição corporal, lesões musculares, inflamação, shift metabólico, stress oxidativo, alterações urinárias, estado de ansiedade e percepção de esforço. A amostra consistiu de 12 atletas do sexo masculino com experiência média de 6,5 anos de treinamento e idade 32,6 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal em três momentos do programa de treinamento (M1, M2 e M3) e 30 minutos após a competição (M4). Nos momentos M1, M2 e após a competição foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina. O inventário SCAI-2 foi aplicado em M-1, M-2 e M-3 e a escala RPE de Borg foi aplicada após o triathlon. Foram encontradas reduções da porcentagem de gordura por bioimpedância elétrica para as medidas realizadas antes e depois da prova. Observou-se elevação dos valores de CK, LDH, IL-6 e IL-10 apenas após a prova. Para os indicadores de shift metabólico, obteve-se aumento da linha de base do cortisol em M-2 e de cortisol e AGL em M-4. Nos indicadores de stress oxidativo, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes. Nas amostras de urina, observou-se aumento da concentração de proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos após a prova. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes do estado de ansiedade e a percepção do esforço ao final do triathlon foi maior. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo permitem concluir que o treinamento exerceu influência na composição corporal (BIA) e em indicadores de shift metabólico (cortisol), ao passo que a prova de triathlon provocou alterações na composição corporal (BIA), lesões musuculares (CK e LDH), inflamação (IL-6 e IL-10), shift metabólico (cortisol e AGL), urina (proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos) e percepção de esforço dos triatletas / Endurance training process and competition promote physiological changes in the athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the endurance training in the triathlete on body composition, muscle damage, inflamation, metabolic shift, oxidative stress, urine changes, state of anxiety, and perceived effort. Twelve male triathletes with 6,5 years of experience and 32,6 years old were measured in tree moments of the training program (M-1, M-2 and M-3) and 30´ after the competition (M-4) for the antropometric parameters (body mass, skin fold and electrical impedance). Blood and urine samples were collected on the M-1, M-2 and after the competition. The athletes answered the SCAI-2 on M-1, M-2 and M-3 and the RPE Borg scale was used after the competition. Reductions in body composition by electrical impedance were found before and after the race. Muscle injury enzymes and IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated only after the race. Both metabolic shift indicators (cortisol and free fatty acids) were elevated after the competition but cortisol showed elevated base line on M-2. Oxidative stress did not change in any moment. Urine protein, creatinine, erythrocytes and leucocytes were elevated only after the triathlon. There was no difference on the state anxiety and the perceived effort was higher in the end of triathlon. The results suggest that the endurance training program promoted changes in body composition (BIA) and metabolic shift (cortisol). The triathlon competition promoted changes in muscle damage indicators (CK and LDH), inflamation (IL-6 and IL-10), metabolic shift (cortisol and AGL), urine (proteins, creatinine, erythrocytes and leukocytes) and perceived effort on the athletes

Project (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Statistics, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141).

Zugl.: Kassel, University, Diss., 2006.

O treinamento e a competição em eventos de resistência promovem modificações fisiológicas nos atletas. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de composição corporal, lesões musculares, inflamação, shift metabólico, stress oxidativo, alterações urinárias, estado de ansiedade e percepção de esforço. A amostra consistiu de 12 atletas do sexo masculino com experiência média de 6,5 anos de treinamento e idade 32,6 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal em três momentos do programa de treinamento (M1, M2 e M3) e 30 minutos após a competição (M4). Nos momentos M1, M2 e após a competição foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina. O inventário SCAI-2 foi aplicado em M-1, M-2 e M-3 e a escala RPE de Borg foi aplicada após o triathlon. Foram encontradas reduções da porcentagem de gordura por bioimpedância elétrica para as medidas realizadas antes e depois da prova. Observou-se elevação dos valores de CK, LDH, IL-6 e IL-10 apenas após a prova. Para os indicadores de shift metabólico, obteve-se aumento da linha de base do cortisol em M-2 e de cortisol e AGL em M-4. Nos indicadores de stress oxidativo, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes. Nas amostras de urina, observou-se aumento da concentração de proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos após a prova. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes do estado de ansiedade e a percepção do esforço ao final do triathlon foi maior. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo permitem concluir que o treinamento exerceu influência na composição corporal (BIA) e em indicadores de shift metabólico (cortisol), ao passo que a prova de triathlon provocou alterações na composição corporal (BIA), lesões musuculares (CK e LDH), inflamação (IL-6 e IL-10), shift metabólico (cortisol e AGL), urina (proteínas, creatinina, hemácias e leucócitos) e percepção de esforço dos triatletas / Endurance training process and competition promote physiological changes in the athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the endurance training in the triathlete on body composition, muscle damage, inflamation, metabolic shift, oxidative stress, urine changes, state of anxiety, and perceived effort. Twelve male triathletes with 6,5 years of experience and 32,6 years old were measured in tree moments of the training program (M-1, M-2 and M-3) and 30´ after the competition (M-4) for the antropometric parameters (body mass, skin fold and electrical impedance). Blood and urine samples were collected on the M-1, M-2 and after the competition. The athletes answered the SCAI-2 on M-1, M-2 and M-3 and the RPE Borg scale was used after the competition. Reductions in body composition by electrical impedance were found before and after the race. Muscle injury enzymes and IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated only after the race. Both metabolic shift indicators (cortisol and free fatty acids) were elevated after the competition but cortisol showed elevated base line on M-2. Oxidative stress did not change in any moment. Urine protein, creatinine, erythrocytes and leucocytes were elevated only after the triathlon. There was no difference on the state anxiety and the perceived effort was higher in the end of triathlon. The results suggest that the endurance training program promoted changes in body composition (BIA) and metabolic shift (cortisol). The triathlon competition promoted changes in muscle damage indicators (CK and LDH), inflamation (IL-6 and IL-10), metabolic shift (cortisol and AGL), urine (proteins, creatinine, erythrocytes and leukocytes) and perceived effort on the athletes

A young man, out of college and work, sets out to make his mark on the world, by winning the endurance sport of the eighties: the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon. As he eats, sleeps and breaths "Ironman," he shuts others out of his life because he feels that he must do it alone for the victory to be genuine; a philosophy that has been dogging him all his life.

No description available.

There were several purposes of this study. The first objective was to examine the correlation between exercise dependence and personality factors in triathletes and regular exercisers. The second purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between exercise dependence and athletic identity in triathletes. The final purpose of the study was to identify a difference in exercise dependence between triathletes and regular exercisers. The study included 122 triathletes and 129 regular athletes that exercised at least 30 minutes per bout at least five times a week and have been doing so for at least the prior three months. All of the participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The triathletes additionally completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). Past research has attempted to identify personality traits that correlate with exercise dependence. However, an apparent universal personality trait has not been established for any group of athletes with exercise dependence. The current study was able to identify a significant correlation (p < .05) between the personality trait, Neuroticism, and exercise dependence in both triathletes and regular exercisers. Additionally, a significant relationship (p < .05) between exercise dependence and athletic identity was identified in the triathletes. Findings also indicated a significant difference between triathletes and regular exercisers for exercise dependence. Triathletes displayed significantly more exercise dependent symptomology than regular exercisers. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science