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Habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlonBartolomeo, Kimberly M. January 2004 (has links)
The purpose of this research study is to examine the habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon. Data was collected from 123 male and female triathletes who participated in the 2001 Muncie Endurathon held in Muncie, Indiana. Habitual and competitive dietary patterns and eating habits were assessed via a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Competitive dietary practices were evaluated using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The results of this study indicated that both energy and carbohydrate intakes of male and female triathletes were well below recommended levels. The male triathletes energy intake was on average 2,165 ± 919 kcal/d and females consuming significantly lower with 1,743 ± 1002 kcal/d. Carbohydrate intakes were similar between the male and female triathletes in both grams per kg (4.5 ± 144 g/kg/d vs. 5.2 ± 188 g/kg/d, respectively) grams per day (352 ± 144 vs. 306 ± 188 g/d, respectively), and percentage of energy (65% vs 70%, respectively). The triathletes were only slightly better in following carbohydrate recommendations before, during, and after exercise. The results also indicated that over half (66%) of the triathletes reported obtaining their nutrition information from magazines, while only (9%) of the participants used a registered dietitian for nutritional advice or consultation. This study has shown that triathletes in general do not meet all the recommendations set for endurance athletes. Triathletes can improve their overall performance by educating themselves on the importance of nutrition and by following the recommended guidelines set for endurance athletes. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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The relationship between strength and endurance in female triathletesMcElligott, Mark, n/a January 1992 (has links)
n/a
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Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for the ironman triathlonJoiner, Alexander Jason January 2010 (has links)
Suboptimal preparation for the Ironman triathlon can have detrimental effects on mental and physical condition. The purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to examine the relationship between a number of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for an Ironman as well as immediately after the event, in an attempt to better understand the effects of ultraendurance training. Eighteen athletes training for the Ironman; South Africa, 2009 were recruited for the study. Over the 6 month data collection period body mass, training load (TRIMP and Session x RPE methods), physiological responses (waking heart rate, postural dizziness, sleep ratings), changes in psychological state (profile of mood states - POMS), reported immunological responses (symptoms of illness), biochemical changes (salivary cortisol and alpha amylase) and performance (8 km submaximal running time trial (TT) and race day performance) were measured. These responses were compared to a control sample (n=15). Results show a significant increase (p<0.05) in training load (3899.4 ± 2517.8) four weeks prior to the event. Fatigue scores significantly increased (p<0.05) concurrently with this significant increase (p<0.05) in training. TT performance did not significantly (p<0.05) alter during the time course of training. It was however strongly correlated to training load (R2=0.85) and modestly related to race performance (R2=0.65). The signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were prevalent during the training period, decreasing during the taper and race period. Large standard deviations were found within the majority of the responses. During the final two weeks of preparation, tension scores were significantly increased (p<0.05) while training load significantly decreased (p<0.05) during the final week of preparation. Cortisol increased significantly (p<0.05) immediately post race (0.507±0.15<g.DL-1) and 1.5 hours later (0.796±0.23<g.DL-1). Overall the results indicate that the POMS questionnaire was a sensitive marker of fatigue and stress associated with ultraendurance training, and that the event itself placed a great deal of stress on the athletes which was illustrated by the post event measures.
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Market segmentation of triathletes participating in Ironman South Africa / Esmarie MyburghMyburgh, Esmarie January 2014 (has links)
A triathlon can be described as the combination of the three athletic competencies swimming,
cycling and running where each of the items is performed in a specific order and vary in
distance. A triathlon is a very select sport that only attracts specific participants, seeing that
constant training is necessary in order to improve fitness and skill in the three different
disciplines. Being a triathlete involves a substantial amount of physical and psychological stress
over several hours of continuous activity.
Therefore the key aspects that drive this study are the following:
* The uniqueness of triathlons and triathletes makes it important to research certain
aspects such as: Who these participants are? Why they participate in triathlons? And
why do they return to the event each year?
* Currently most triathlon research is done in countries such as United States of America,
Australia, Germany and Japan. There are also numerous studies done on triathletes,
although most of these studies focus on physiological and medical aspects of these
athletes.
* To the best of the author’s knowledge no other study in South Africa has focused on
profiling triathletes and gaining knowledge on what differentiates these participants from
other endurance sport athletes.
* As there is currently a deficiency of information regarding triathletes in South Africa it
becomes imperative to research this market through market segmentation.
With the latter in mind, the main purpose of this study was to apply market segmentation on
triathletes that participate in Ironman South Africa, the only full-length Ironman held on the
African continent. In order to achieve this goal a destination-based survey took place during the
registration process of participants at The Boardwalk Convention Centre and Spa in Port
Elizabeth. A total of 425 completed questionnaires were used in the study. An in-depth literature
study was also done to review different aspects of triathlons and triathletes, including the unique
nature of the sport and participants as well as analysing previous literature concerning the
characteristics of triathletes. Literature also explored market segmentation and the different
variables used to segment triathletes and other endurance sport athletes. From literature it became clear that motives to participate and frequency of participation could be useful in
segmenting sport participants. These two variables were applied to Ironman South Africa in two
separate articles.
In Article 1 motives to participate was applied as a market segmentation variable. It was found
that triathletes were motivated by seven motivational factors including: Challenge, Inner vie,
Health and fitness, Intrinsic achievement and control, Event novelty, Group affiliation and
socialisation and lastly, Respect and risk. Based on these motives three distinct clusters of
triathlon participants were identified: Devotees, Enthusiasts and Aspirationals. The participants
in each cluster showed statistical significant differences with regard to their motives, while age
was the only variable with significant socio-demographic differences between the clusters.
In Article 2, frequency of participation was used to segment Ironman South Africa participants.
Significant differences were found between first time and repeat participants based on the
variables: demographic, behaviour and motives to participate. Four segments were identified at
Ironman South Africa based on the number of times they have previously participated in the
event. The frequent flyer concept was applied which resulted in the dividing of the four
participant segments into different loyalty segments. The segments were the Bronze, Silver,
Gold and Platinum segment. Three marketing strategies were developed, firstly for the Bronze
and Silver segments (these two segments shared similar characteristics), secondly for the Gold
and Platinum segments also sharing corresponding characteristics and lastly, a marketing
strategy to expand triathlons in South Africa.
The information obtained from the two market segmentation variables led to an array of
recommendations to attract and retain participants to Ironman South Africa events. Also
recommendations focus on how to expand triathlon events in South Africa. Significant
contributions were made to literature regarding the profile of the Ironman South Africa
participants and how these triathletes compare to other endurance sport athlete. / MCom (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Market segmentation of triathletes participating in Ironman South Africa / Esmarie MyburghMyburgh, Esmarie January 2014 (has links)
A triathlon can be described as the combination of the three athletic competencies swimming,
cycling and running where each of the items is performed in a specific order and vary in
distance. A triathlon is a very select sport that only attracts specific participants, seeing that
constant training is necessary in order to improve fitness and skill in the three different
disciplines. Being a triathlete involves a substantial amount of physical and psychological stress
over several hours of continuous activity.
Therefore the key aspects that drive this study are the following:
* The uniqueness of triathlons and triathletes makes it important to research certain
aspects such as: Who these participants are? Why they participate in triathlons? And
why do they return to the event each year?
* Currently most triathlon research is done in countries such as United States of America,
Australia, Germany and Japan. There are also numerous studies done on triathletes,
although most of these studies focus on physiological and medical aspects of these
athletes.
* To the best of the author’s knowledge no other study in South Africa has focused on
profiling triathletes and gaining knowledge on what differentiates these participants from
other endurance sport athletes.
* As there is currently a deficiency of information regarding triathletes in South Africa it
becomes imperative to research this market through market segmentation.
With the latter in mind, the main purpose of this study was to apply market segmentation on
triathletes that participate in Ironman South Africa, the only full-length Ironman held on the
African continent. In order to achieve this goal a destination-based survey took place during the
registration process of participants at The Boardwalk Convention Centre and Spa in Port
Elizabeth. A total of 425 completed questionnaires were used in the study. An in-depth literature
study was also done to review different aspects of triathlons and triathletes, including the unique
nature of the sport and participants as well as analysing previous literature concerning the
characteristics of triathletes. Literature also explored market segmentation and the different
variables used to segment triathletes and other endurance sport athletes. From literature it became clear that motives to participate and frequency of participation could be useful in
segmenting sport participants. These two variables were applied to Ironman South Africa in two
separate articles.
In Article 1 motives to participate was applied as a market segmentation variable. It was found
that triathletes were motivated by seven motivational factors including: Challenge, Inner vie,
Health and fitness, Intrinsic achievement and control, Event novelty, Group affiliation and
socialisation and lastly, Respect and risk. Based on these motives three distinct clusters of
triathlon participants were identified: Devotees, Enthusiasts and Aspirationals. The participants
in each cluster showed statistical significant differences with regard to their motives, while age
was the only variable with significant socio-demographic differences between the clusters.
In Article 2, frequency of participation was used to segment Ironman South Africa participants.
Significant differences were found between first time and repeat participants based on the
variables: demographic, behaviour and motives to participate. Four segments were identified at
Ironman South Africa based on the number of times they have previously participated in the
event. The frequent flyer concept was applied which resulted in the dividing of the four
participant segments into different loyalty segments. The segments were the Bronze, Silver,
Gold and Platinum segment. Three marketing strategies were developed, firstly for the Bronze
and Silver segments (these two segments shared similar characteristics), secondly for the Gold
and Platinum segments also sharing corresponding characteristics and lastly, a marketing
strategy to expand triathlons in South Africa.
The information obtained from the two market segmentation variables led to an array of
recommendations to attract and retain participants to Ironman South Africa events. Also
recommendations focus on how to expand triathlon events in South Africa. Significant
contributions were made to literature regarding the profile of the Ironman South Africa
participants and how these triathletes compare to other endurance sport athlete. / MCom (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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To determine the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in triathletes during training and competition for the IronmanMain, Carey Anne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The Ironman® triathlon is an ultra-endurance event. It has previously been
shown that heavy training schedules and racing ultra-endurance events can lead to immune
impairment. Evidence supporting the potential role of dietary intake and body composition on
immune impairment or upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is currently lacking.
Aim: To investigate the relationship between dietary intake, body composition and the
incidence of URTI in triathletes residing in Port Elizabeth (PE), during training and competition
for the Ironman® 2011 triathlon.
Method: An observational longitudinal descriptive study with an analytical component was
conducted. The study population included triathletes living in PE, who completed an Ironman®
distance event one year prior to, and who were training for the April 2011 Ironman®. Habitual
dietary intake was assessed with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire; and race
dietary strategies with a three day food record. Body composition was determined with
anthropometry and the incidence of URTI was assessed with the WURSS-44. A general
health screen (SF-36) was also administered. Results: Habitual dietary intake during the three months pre- and post-Ironman® 2011
triathlon was adequate for all nutrients except for carbohydrate intake in female and male
participants (pre-Ironman® of 4.0 (1.7) g/kg body weight (BW)/day and 5.4 (1.8) g/kg BW/day;
and post-Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g/kg BW/day and 4.7 (1.5) g/kg BW/day respectively).
Carbohydrate-loading strategies were below recommendations with intakes of 6.0 (2.9) and
5.1 (2.5) g/kg BW/day for female and male participants respectively. Race day nutrition
strategies were below recommendations for carbohydrate intake. Post-race dietary intake was
below recommendations for carbohydrate in the female participants (0.9 (0.5) g/kg BW). Body
mass index was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 and 26.1 kg/m2 (1.40) for female and male study participants
respectively. Body fat percentage was at the upper end for endurance athletes (29.3 (9.4) %
and 13.7 (5.1) % for females and males respectively). In this study 25 % of the triathletes
(N=20) developed an episode of URTI during the 3 months post-Ironman®. Dietary intake
parameters measured three months pre-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI
were: potassium (p=0.04) and thiamine (p=0.02) and dietary intake parameters measured 3
months post-Ironman® that had a significant influence on URTI were: total protein (p=0.04);
isoleucine (p=0.03); leucine (p=0.03); phenylalanine (p=0.03); valine (p=0.02); thiamine
(p=0.01); and Beta-tocopherol (p=0.03). Dietary intake parameters measured during the race that had a significant influence on URTI were: selenium (p=0.04); folate (p=0.04) and proline
(p=0.02). Body composition did not have a significant influence on URTI.
Conclusion: Habitual dietary intake three months pre- and post-Ironman® as well as pre- and
post Ironman race strategies were low for carbohydrate. Body composition indicated that
athletes were at the upper end associated with endurance sport. There was a relationship
found between an episode of URTI and dietary intake. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die Ironman® driekamp is 'n ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisie. Daar is voorheen
bewys dat swaar oefening skedules en ultra-uithouvermoë kompetisies kan lei tot ‘n
immuungebrek. Daar is tans ‘n tekort aan wetenskaplike bewyse wat die potensiële rol van
dieetinname en liggaamsamestelling op immuungebrek of boonste lugweginfeksies
ondersoek.
Doel: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel oor die verhouding tussen
dieetinname, liggaamsamestelling en die insidensie van boonste lugweg infeksies in
driekamp atlete woonagtig in Port Elizabeth (PE), tydens oefening en deelname aan die
Ironman® 2011 driekamp.
Metodes: 'n Waargenome, longitudinale beskrywende studie is gedoen met 'n analitiese
komponent. Die studiepopulasie het bestaan uit driekampatlete woonagtig in PE, wat 'n
Ironman® afstand kompetisie voltooi het een jaar voor en wat oefen vir die April 2011
Ironman® kompetisie. Gewoontelike dieetinname is bepaal met 'n kwantitatiewe
voedselfrekwensie vraelys, en dieet strategieë rondom die byeenkoms met 'n drie dag
voedselrekord. Liggaamsamestelling is bepaal met antropometrie en die insidensie van
boonste lugweg infeksies is bepaal met die WURSS-44. 'n algemene gesondheid vraelys (SF-
36) is ook ingevul. Resultate: Die gewoontelike dieetinname gedurende die drie maande voor- en na-Ironman®
2011 was voldoende vir alle voedingstowwe, behalwe vir koolhidraat-inname in die vroulike
en manlike deelnemers (voor Ironman® 4.0 (1.7) g / kg liggaamsmassa (LM) / dag en 5.4 (1.8)
g / kg LM / dag, en na Ironman® 3.0 (1.0) g / kg LM / dag en 4.7 (1.5) g / kg LM / dag
onderskeidelik). Koolhidraatlading strategieë was ontoereikend met innames van 6.0 (2.9) en
5.1 (2.5) g / kg BW / dag vir vroulike en manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Die inname op
die dag van die byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat. Die dieetinname na die
byeenkoms was onvoldoende vir koolhidraat inname in die vroulike deelnemers (0.9 (0.5) g /
kg LM). Die liggaamsmassa-indeks was 26.6 (3.4) kg/m2 en 26.1 (1.4) kg/m2 vir vroulike en
manlike deelnemers onderskeidelik. Persentasie liggaamsvet was aan die boonste grens
geassosieer met uithouvermoë oefening atlete 29.3 (9.4) % en 13.7 (5.1) % vir vrouens en
mans onderskeidelik. Die insidense van boonste lugweg infeksies was 25% (N=20)
gedurende die drie maande na Ironman®. Dieetinname paramters wat gemeet was drie
maande voor Ironman® wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies getoon het, was, kalium (p=0.04) en tiamien (p=0.02) en die dieetinname parameters wat drie maande na
Ironman® gemeet is en betekenisvolle beïnvloed getoon het met boonste lugweginfeksies
was, totale proteïen (p=0.04); isoleusien (p=0.03), leusien (p=0.03), fenielalanien (p=0.03),
valien (p=0.02), tiamien (p=0.01), en B-tocopherol (p=0.03). Die dieetinname parameters wat
gemeet was tydens die wedloop wat beduidende beïnvloed met boonste lugweginfeksies
getoon het na Ironman® 2011 was, selenium (p=0.04), folaat (p=0.04) en prolien (p=0.02). Die
antropometriese parameters gemeet het nie beïnvloed op boonste lugweginfeksies gehad
nie.
Gevolgtrekking: Die gewoontelike dieetinname drie maande voor- en na Ironman® sowel as
voor- en na Ironman® kompetisie strategieë was onvoldoende vir koolhidrate.
Liggaamsamestelling het aangedui dat atlete aan die boonste grens geassosieer met
uithouvermoë oefening geval het. Daar was beduidende beïnvloed gevind tussen
dieetinname en boonste lugweginfeksies.
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