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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Screening and evaluation of potential fungal antagonists for the biological control of Fusarium head blight incited by Gibberella zeae

Inch, Sharon Anne 12 January 2010 (has links)
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat and other small grain cereals. The principal pathogen associated with FHB in Manitoba is Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (anamorph = Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). Currently there no biological control agents registered for the control of FHB. The overall objects of the project were to identify isolates that may be used in the biological control of FHB and to investigate the interaction between the identified biocontrol agents and G. zeae.In this study, 150 bacteria and 29 fungi were isolated from soil, wheat heads and crop debris from southern Manitoba. An additional 10 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum were obtained from the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures, CCFC (Ottawa, Ontario). The T. harzianum isolate, T-22 (RootShield) was included as a positive control. All were screened for inhibition of Gibberella zeae using confrontation plate assays in vitro and seed, wheat head, and straw assays in planta. Only 6% of bacterial and 45% of fungal isolates tested in the confrontation plate assays. Of the 6% of the bacterial isolates none significantly reduced FHB disease on wheat heads or reduced perithecial production on wheat straw, and had a negative effect on seed germination, therefore were not further evaluated. Chrysosporium sp. and Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma harzianum, were the fungal species that inhibited the growth of G. zeae by more than 50%. Of which Trichoderma isolates were the most effective and were able to over-grow G. zeae. Fourteen of the 18 isolates tested, including six Trichoderma and two Chrysosporium isolates, significantly reduced perithecial production on wheat straw by 52-89% compared to the control. From this study, Trichoderma harzianum was identified as most potentially effective candidate for the biocontrol of Gibberella zeae. Spore suspensions and cell-free filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum isolates were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing perithecial and ascospore production of Gibberella zeae on wheat straw. Five T. harzianum isolates, including T-22 (RootShieldTM), reduced perithecial formation by 70% or more. Perithecial reduction was highest (96-99%) when T. harzianum spore suspension or cell-free filtrate was applied to straw 24 hours prior to inoculation with G. zeae. Control was less effective when T. harzianum was applied at the same time (co-inoculated) or 24 hours after G. zeae. Field trials showed significant reduction of perithecia on residues treated with T. harzianum prior to placement on the soil surface. Identification of those compounds in the cell-free filtrate most likely to affect biocontrol was accomplished through the use of cluster analysis, ordination and regression methods. It was found that isolates that produce similar levels of biocontrol had similar chemical composition. Ultrastructural changes were observed primarily in the exterior cells of the outer cell wall. Cytoplasmic degradation, invagination of the plasma cell membrane and thin cell walls were observed in the treated samples. Immature perithecia were overgrown by T. harzianum 15 days after co-inoculation. Few perithecia were overgrown at later stages. The perithecia affected by T. harzianum collapsed 21 days after inoculation (dai), compared to the perithecia in the untreated samples which collapsed 28 dai.
2

Screening and evaluation of potential fungal antagonists for the biological control of Fusarium head blight incited by Gibberella zeae

Inch, Sharon Anne 12 January 2010 (has links)
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat and other small grain cereals. The principal pathogen associated with FHB in Manitoba is Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (anamorph = Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). Currently there no biological control agents registered for the control of FHB. The overall objects of the project were to identify isolates that may be used in the biological control of FHB and to investigate the interaction between the identified biocontrol agents and G. zeae.In this study, 150 bacteria and 29 fungi were isolated from soil, wheat heads and crop debris from southern Manitoba. An additional 10 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum were obtained from the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures, CCFC (Ottawa, Ontario). The T. harzianum isolate, T-22 (RootShield) was included as a positive control. All were screened for inhibition of Gibberella zeae using confrontation plate assays in vitro and seed, wheat head, and straw assays in planta. Only 6% of bacterial and 45% of fungal isolates tested in the confrontation plate assays. Of the 6% of the bacterial isolates none significantly reduced FHB disease on wheat heads or reduced perithecial production on wheat straw, and had a negative effect on seed germination, therefore were not further evaluated. Chrysosporium sp. and Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma harzianum, were the fungal species that inhibited the growth of G. zeae by more than 50%. Of which Trichoderma isolates were the most effective and were able to over-grow G. zeae. Fourteen of the 18 isolates tested, including six Trichoderma and two Chrysosporium isolates, significantly reduced perithecial production on wheat straw by 52-89% compared to the control. From this study, Trichoderma harzianum was identified as most potentially effective candidate for the biocontrol of Gibberella zeae. Spore suspensions and cell-free filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum isolates were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing perithecial and ascospore production of Gibberella zeae on wheat straw. Five T. harzianum isolates, including T-22 (RootShieldTM), reduced perithecial formation by 70% or more. Perithecial reduction was highest (96-99%) when T. harzianum spore suspension or cell-free filtrate was applied to straw 24 hours prior to inoculation with G. zeae. Control was less effective when T. harzianum was applied at the same time (co-inoculated) or 24 hours after G. zeae. Field trials showed significant reduction of perithecia on residues treated with T. harzianum prior to placement on the soil surface. Identification of those compounds in the cell-free filtrate most likely to affect biocontrol was accomplished through the use of cluster analysis, ordination and regression methods. It was found that isolates that produce similar levels of biocontrol had similar chemical composition. Ultrastructural changes were observed primarily in the exterior cells of the outer cell wall. Cytoplasmic degradation, invagination of the plasma cell membrane and thin cell walls were observed in the treated samples. Immature perithecia were overgrown by T. harzianum 15 days after co-inoculation. Few perithecia were overgrown at later stages. The perithecia affected by T. harzianum collapsed 21 days after inoculation (dai), compared to the perithecia in the untreated samples which collapsed 28 dai.
3

Control biológico de <i>Mycosphaerella graminicola</i>, patógeno del trigo, con cepas de <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> caracterizadas por su morfología, fisiología, actividad enzimática y molecular

Stocco, Marina Celeste January 2014 (has links)
Frente a las consecuencias indeseables del control químico, la demanda pública de alimentos más sanos y el cambio actual de los paradigmas productivos, la tendencia es sustituir total o parcialmente los fungicidas sintéticos por métodos alternativos no contaminantes, en el marco del Manejo Integrado. El trigo es el cereal de mayor distribución geográfica en el mundo y su demanda irá en aumento debido al incremento de la población mundial. La región triguera en la Argentina abarca una zona muy amplia con condiciones favorables para la aparición de diversas enfermedades. Una de ellas, de origen fúngico, es la Septoriosis ó Mancha de la hoja del trigo (Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz. anamorfo; Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schroeter, in Cohn teleomorfo). A nivel mundial, ocasiona daños que oscilan entre 31 y 54% de reducción en el rendimiento y en Argentina entre 17 y 50% dependiendo del estado fenológico en el que ocurre la infección. El método utilizado tradicionalmente para el control de la enfermedad es la aplicación de productos químicos sintéticos. El uso masivo de estos productos favoreció la aparición de patógenos resistentes además de las graves consecuencias la contaminación del ambiente. Utilizando microorganismos antagonista, el control biológico, ha tomado relevancia en estos últimos años. Las especies del género Trichoderma son los antagonistas más utilizados para el control de enfermedades de plantas, producidas por hongos, debido a su ubicuidad, a su facilidad para ser aisladas y cultivadas, a su crecimiento rápido en un gran número de sustratos y a que no atacan a plantas superiores. Estas especies basan sus propiedades antagónicas en la activación de mecanismos muy diversos. Uno de ellos es que pueden ejercer el biocontrol de hongos fitopatógenos indirectamente, compitiendo por el espacio y los nutrientes, modificando las condiciones ambientales, estimulando el crecimiento de las plantas y sus mecanismos de defensa. Otra medida, es mediante el micoparasitismo, por la penetración directa de las hifas al hospedador y/o por producción de enzimas extracelulares. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un estudio integrado, que combine propiedades: morfológicas, fisiológicas y moleculares de los aislamientos nativos de T. harzianum, para ser utilizarlos como eficientes agentes de control biológico. En este estudio se evaluaron 240 aislamientos de Trichoderma obtenidas de muestras de suelo de diferentes localidades de la región triguera argentina. La capacidad antagónica se ensayó en plántulas de trigo, en invernaculo. Para seleccionar las cepas de Trichoderma harzianum se tuvo en cuenta la capacidad de reducir en un 50 % tanto la superficie necrosada como la cobertura picnidial generada por M. graminicola. Se obtuvieron de esta manera 37 cepas del antagonista. Los resultados presentados hasta el momento evidencian la importancia de resistencia sistémica inducida (RSI) actuando en la defensa de la planta contra M.graminicola. Para la identificación de los aislamientos de Trichoderma se utilizó la técnica de PCR con los cebadores forward THITS-F2 y reverse THITS-R3 los cuales permiten identificar específicamente a T. harzianum. Para la caracterización genética intraespecífica se utilizaron marcadores ISSR. Con los resultados obtenidos se agruparon las cepas, en tres grupos de similitud. Estos grupos no presentaron correspondencia con el origen geográfico, ni con el año de aislamiento y ni con los distintos niveles de antagonismos. Los resultados de la caracterización morfocultural, el crecimiento radial y el color de las colonias, la coloración del medio de cultivo y el tamaño y la forma de los conidios no presentaron diferencias con las descripta en la taxonomía clásica para la especie T. harzianum. La presencia de las clamidosporas y su ubicación en el micelio, fue la característica que demostró mayor variación en el presente estudio. El 27% de las 37 cepas estudiadas no formaron clamidosporas durante el tiempo de duración del ensayo. De aquellas cepas que si las formaron, el 59% se ubicaron de manera intercalar y el 26% tanto terminales como intercalares. Sólo el 15% de las cepas formaron clamidosporas terminales. Los aislamientos se caracterizaron fisiológicamente en base a los siguientes parámetros: crecimiento de las colonias en diferentes fuentes carbonadas y nitrogenadas, crecimiento de las mismas bajo condiciones extremas de temperatura y pH. Los resultados presentaron escasa variabilidad por sí solos y no generaron una discriminación entre las cepas. La caracterización de la actividad enzimática destacó a dos cepas (2 y 8) como capaces de producir altos niveles de β-1-3 glucanasa, quitinasa y proteasa. Es importante resaltar en este estudio la relación encontrada entre las cepas cuando se integraron los atributos morfológicos, fisiológicos y moleculares. Con esta combinación se pudo observar una clara correspondencia entre ellas y su origen geográfico. Como ejemplo de ello, las cepas que integran el grupo I se encuentran divididas en dos ramas bien diferenciadas. Así las cepa 1, 5, 8 y 12 pertenecen a la localidad de Los Hornos y las cepas 160, 162, 165, 170 y 177 a la de Lobería. Con los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo se reconocieron una serie de propiedades (morfológicas, fisiológicas y moleculares) que sumadas a la identificación tradicional de T. harzianum, servirán para ampliar la caracterización de las cepas de esta especie como agentes de biocontrol y seguir su evolución en el tiempo y en medio ambiente cuando éstas se apliquen con fines biotecnológicos.

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