Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de ensino da Trigonometria para estudantes do Ensino Médio, baseada na utilização do software GeoGebra. Seu principal objetivo é avaliar a aprendizagem da Trigonometria propiciada por uma sequência de ensino desenvolvida em um ambiente informatizado e dinâmico. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi o estudo de caso. As atividades da experiência didática foram aplicadas em uma escola particular de Porto Alegre em duas etapas: inicialmente, com uma turma de 45 alunos e, posteriormente, com um grupo de 7 alunos dessa turma. A análise dos dados coletados foi baseada na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Gerard Vergnaud e enfocou a identificação e interpretação de conceitos-em-ação e teoremas-em-ação utilizados pelos alunos nas resoluções das atividades. A aprendizagem dos conceitos de ângulo, razões trigonométricas, círculo trigonométrico e funções trigonométricas e propriedades a eles relacionadas foi favorecida pelo uso do software de Geometria Dinâmica, que propiciou a observação e compreensão de relações entre elementos de uma construção, permitiu a experimentação de hipóteses e elaboração de conclusões, instigou discussões e tornou as aulas mais dinâmicas, com o professor assumindo o papel de mediador na aprendizagem, e o trabalho cooperativo entre os alunos organizados em grupos. / This dissertation presents a Trigonometry teaching proposal for High School students, based on the use of the software GeoGebra. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the learning of Trigonometry provided by a sequence of teaching developed in a computerized and dynamic environment. The methodology used in the research was a case study. The activities of the teaching experience were applied in a private school of Porto Alegre, in two stages: first, with a 45-student group and afterwards with a 7-student group of the former one. The analysis of the collected data was based on the Conceptual Fields Theory by Gerard Vergnaud and focused on the identification and interpretation of in-action-concepts and inaction- theorems used by the students to solve the activities proposed. The learning of concepts such as angles, trigonometric reasons, circles and functions and the properties related to them was favored by the use of the software of Dynamic Geometry, which provided an observation and comprehension of relations between elements of a construction, allowed the experimentation of hypothesis and the elaboration of conclusions, instigated discussions and made the classes more dynamic, with the teacher taking the role of mediator in the learning, and the cooperative work among students organized in groups.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de ensino da Trigonometria para estudantes do Ensino Médio, baseada na utilização do software GeoGebra. Seu principal objetivo é avaliar a aprendizagem da Trigonometria propiciada por uma sequência de ensino desenvolvida em um ambiente informatizado e dinâmico. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi o estudo de caso. As atividades da experiência didática foram aplicadas em uma escola particular de Porto Alegre em duas etapas: inicialmente, com uma turma de 45 alunos e, posteriormente, com um grupo de 7 alunos dessa turma. A análise dos dados coletados foi baseada na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Gerard Vergnaud e enfocou a identificação e interpretação de conceitos-em-ação e teoremas-em-ação utilizados pelos alunos nas resoluções das atividades. A aprendizagem dos conceitos de ângulo, razões trigonométricas, círculo trigonométrico e funções trigonométricas e propriedades a eles relacionadas foi favorecida pelo uso do software de Geometria Dinâmica, que propiciou a observação e compreensão de relações entre elementos de uma construção, permitiu a experimentação de hipóteses e elaboração de conclusões, instigou discussões e tornou as aulas mais dinâmicas, com o professor assumindo o papel de mediador na aprendizagem, e o trabalho cooperativo entre os alunos organizados em grupos. / This dissertation presents a Trigonometry teaching proposal for High School students, based on the use of the software GeoGebra. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the learning of Trigonometry provided by a sequence of teaching developed in a computerized and dynamic environment. The methodology used in the research was a case study. The activities of the teaching experience were applied in a private school of Porto Alegre, in two stages: first, with a 45-student group and afterwards with a 7-student group of the former one. The analysis of the collected data was based on the Conceptual Fields Theory by Gerard Vergnaud and focused on the identification and interpretation of in-action-concepts and inaction- theorems used by the students to solve the activities proposed. The learning of concepts such as angles, trigonometric reasons, circles and functions and the properties related to them was favored by the use of the software of Dynamic Geometry, which provided an observation and comprehension of relations between elements of a construction, allowed the experimentation of hypothesis and the elaboration of conclusions, instigated discussions and made the classes more dynamic, with the teacher taking the role of mediator in the learning, and the cooperative work among students organized in groups.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de ensino da Trigonometria para estudantes do Ensino Médio, baseada na utilização do software GeoGebra. Seu principal objetivo é avaliar a aprendizagem da Trigonometria propiciada por uma sequência de ensino desenvolvida em um ambiente informatizado e dinâmico. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi o estudo de caso. As atividades da experiência didática foram aplicadas em uma escola particular de Porto Alegre em duas etapas: inicialmente, com uma turma de 45 alunos e, posteriormente, com um grupo de 7 alunos dessa turma. A análise dos dados coletados foi baseada na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Gerard Vergnaud e enfocou a identificação e interpretação de conceitos-em-ação e teoremas-em-ação utilizados pelos alunos nas resoluções das atividades. A aprendizagem dos conceitos de ângulo, razões trigonométricas, círculo trigonométrico e funções trigonométricas e propriedades a eles relacionadas foi favorecida pelo uso do software de Geometria Dinâmica, que propiciou a observação e compreensão de relações entre elementos de uma construção, permitiu a experimentação de hipóteses e elaboração de conclusões, instigou discussões e tornou as aulas mais dinâmicas, com o professor assumindo o papel de mediador na aprendizagem, e o trabalho cooperativo entre os alunos organizados em grupos. / This dissertation presents a Trigonometry teaching proposal for High School students, based on the use of the software GeoGebra. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the learning of Trigonometry provided by a sequence of teaching developed in a computerized and dynamic environment. The methodology used in the research was a case study. The activities of the teaching experience were applied in a private school of Porto Alegre, in two stages: first, with a 45-student group and afterwards with a 7-student group of the former one. The analysis of the collected data was based on the Conceptual Fields Theory by Gerard Vergnaud and focused on the identification and interpretation of in-action-concepts and inaction- theorems used by the students to solve the activities proposed. The learning of concepts such as angles, trigonometric reasons, circles and functions and the properties related to them was favored by the use of the software of Dynamic Geometry, which provided an observation and comprehension of relations between elements of a construction, allowed the experimentation of hypothesis and the elaboration of conclusions, instigated discussions and made the classes more dynamic, with the teacher taking the role of mediator in the learning, and the cooperative work among students organized in groups.

Metacognition is commonly understood in the context of the learners and not their teachers. Extant literature focusing on how Mathematics teachers apply their metacognitive skills in the classroom, clearly distinguishes between teaching with metacognition (TwM) referring to teachers thinking about their own thinking and teaching for metacognition (TfM) which refers to teachers creating opportunities for learners to reflect on their thinking. However, in both of these cases, thinking requires a language, in particular appropriate mathematical language to communicate the thinking by both teacher and learners in the Mathematics classroom. In this qualitative study, which forms part of a bigger project within SANPAD (South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development), the metacognitive skills and mathematical language used by Mathematics teachers who teach at two township schools were interrogated using the design-based research approach with lesson study. Data collection instruments included individual interviews and a trigonometric assessment task. Lessons were also observed and video-taped to be viewed and discussed during focus group discussions in which the teachers, together with five Mathematics lecturers, participated. The merging of the design-based research approach with lesson study brought about teacher-lecturer collaboration, referred to in this study as the Mathematics Educators’ Reflective Inquiry (ME’RI) group, and enabled the design of a hypothetical teaching and learning trajectory (HTLT) for the teaching of trigonometric functions. A metacognitive performance profile for the two grade 10 teachers was also developed. The Framework for Analysing Mathematics Teaching for the Advancement of Metacognition (FAMTAM) from Ader (2013) and the Teacher Metacognitive Framework (TMF) from Artzt and Armour-Thomas (2002) were adjusted and merged to develop a new framework, the Metacognitive Teaching for Metacognition Framework (MTMF) to analyse the metacognitive skills used by mathematics teachers TwM as well as TfM. Without oversimplifying the magnitude of these concepts, the findings suggest a simple mathematical equation: metacognitive skills + enhanced mathematical language = conceptualization skills. The findings also suggest that both TwM and TfM are required for effective mathematics instruction. Lastly the findings suggest that the ME’RI group holds promise to enhance the use of the metacognitive skills and mathematical language of Mathematics teachers in Mathematics classrooms. / PhD (Mathematics Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Metacognition is commonly understood in the context of the learners and not their teachers. Extant literature focusing on how Mathematics teachers apply their metacognitive skills in the classroom, clearly distinguishes between teaching with metacognition (TwM) referring to teachers thinking about their own thinking and teaching for metacognition (TfM) which refers to teachers creating opportunities for learners to reflect on their thinking. However, in both of these cases, thinking requires a language, in particular appropriate mathematical language to communicate the thinking by both teacher and learners in the Mathematics classroom. In this qualitative study, which forms part of a bigger project within SANPAD (South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development), the metacognitive skills and mathematical language used by Mathematics teachers who teach at two township schools were interrogated using the design-based research approach with lesson study. Data collection instruments included individual interviews and a trigonometric assessment task. Lessons were also observed and video-taped to be viewed and discussed during focus group discussions in which the teachers, together with five Mathematics lecturers, participated. The merging of the design-based research approach with lesson study brought about teacher-lecturer collaboration, referred to in this study as the Mathematics Educators’ Reflective Inquiry (ME’RI) group, and enabled the design of a hypothetical teaching and learning trajectory (HTLT) for the teaching of trigonometric functions. A metacognitive performance profile for the two grade 10 teachers was also developed. The Framework for Analysing Mathematics Teaching for the Advancement of Metacognition (FAMTAM) from Ader (2013) and the Teacher Metacognitive Framework (TMF) from Artzt and Armour-Thomas (2002) were adjusted and merged to develop a new framework, the Metacognitive Teaching for Metacognition Framework (MTMF) to analyse the metacognitive skills used by mathematics teachers TwM as well as TfM. Without oversimplifying the magnitude of these concepts, the findings suggest a simple mathematical equation: metacognitive skills + enhanced mathematical language = conceptualization skills. The findings also suggest that both TwM and TfM are required for effective mathematics instruction. Lastly the findings suggest that the ME’RI group holds promise to enhance the use of the metacognitive skills and mathematical language of Mathematics teachers in Mathematics classrooms. / PhD (Mathematics Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014