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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Redes de interação plantas-visitantes florais e a restauração de processos ecológicos em florestas tropicais / Flower- visitor networks and the restoration of ecological processes in tropical forests

Simone Bazarian Vosgueritchian 17 September 2010 (has links)
A restauração da Mata Atlântica tem sido considerada prioridade nas iniciativas de manutenção da biodiversidade. Adicionalmente, há consenso de que os parâmetros para avaliação da restauração ecológica devem mensurar o retorno de funções ecológicas. O estudo de interações planta-visitante floral pode ser um caminho adequado para avaliar a eficiência das práticas de restauração, visto que estas interações desempenham função crítica na dinâmica e diversidade da comunidade. Variações na diversidade de espécies de plantas e de seus visitantes florais podem alterar a freqüência de interação entre as espécies, definir a estrutura das redes de interação, determinando os níveis de generalização e especialização na comunidade. Neste contexto, a tentativa de restaurar florestas tropicais pela adição de espécies arbóreas pode ter efeitos sobre a estrutura, estabelecimento de grupos funcionais e níveis de generalização na rede de interação entre flores e visitantes florais. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o de comparar redes de interação planta-visitante floral em florestas tropicais restauradas após 5 anos do plantio das arbóreas, florestas regeneradas naturalmente e remanescentes de floresta atlântica em uma área sob domínio da Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. Para atingir esse objetivo, essas florestas foram comparadas quanto suas diversidades estruturais e funcionais em relação aos seguintes aspectos: 1) Riqueza e atributos de história de vida (formas de vida, sistemas sexuais, modos de polinização e de dispersão); 2) redes de interação plantavisitante floral; 3) Grau de generalização e especialização das redes de interação; 4) robustez quanto à perda de espécie em redes de interação, e 5) Formação de grupos funcionais seguindo características florais e de freqüência de visitas. Para cada aspecto avaliamos a contribuição das espécies plantadas. Florestas restauradas tiveram a maior riqueza de espécies em flor, porém com menor similaridade florística com outras florestas locais. A similaridade em abundâncias relativas de arbustos e lianas com outras categorias de florestas indicou a inclusão de outras formas de vida além de árvores nas florestas restauradas. Porém, a alta abundância relativa de árvores nas florestas regeneradas naturalmente também indicou o potencial de regeneração natural em florestas 15 degradadas. A maior diversidade de modos de polinização biótica e de dispersão de sementes nas florestas restauradas veio das plantas regenerantes espontaneamente. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto às métricas de redes de interação flores e visitantes entre os tratamentos, porém houve uma tendência de maior especialização dessas interações nas florestas nativas e maior robustez à perda de espécies em florestas restauradas. Além disso, plantas regenerantes espontaneamente receberam significantemente mais visitas nas florestas regeneradas naturalmente do que em florestas restauradas, sugerindo que árvores plantadas podem estar reduzindo visitação às flores da vegetação regenerante espontânea, possivelmente competindo por visitantes florais. Em relação à diversidade funcional, 21 grupos funcionais baseados em atributos florais foram estabelecidos entre todas as espécies em flor, onde as espécies da floresta restaurada dominaram três grandes grupos e a floresta nativa apresentou representantes distribuídos equitativamente pelos grupos, sem dominância. Pólen foi a variável que mais contribui para diferenciação dos grupos. As espécies plantadas formaram grupos funcionais exclusivos nas florestas restauradas, contribuindo para uma maior diversificação em atributos funcionais florais em tais comunidades, porém não mais do que a diversificação funcional trazida pelas plantas regenerantes espontaneamente. Redes de interação entre grupos funcionais de plantas e categorias taxonômicas de visitantes reforçaram que os visitantes florais parecem não seguir fielmente grupos funcionais por atributos florais. Considerando que as florestas regeneradas naturalmente apresentaram alta abundância relativa de árvores, não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto às métricas de redes de interação planta-visitantes florais com as florestas restauradas e que a regeneração natural na região estudada ocorre em grande intensidade, sugerimos que seja dada importância relevante às plantas regenerantes espontaneamente em projetos de restauração. Cabe ressaltar que avaliamos restauração após 5 anos da implantação. Assim, todas as conclusões tiradas deste estudo necessitarão ser acompanhada em estudos futuros. / Restoration of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest has been considered priority in initiatives to maintain biodiversity. Additionally, there is consensus that the parameters to evaluate restoration should address the return of ecological processes. The study of flower-visitor interactions can be a reasonable way to evaluate restoration practice, considering that these interactions have critical role in the dynamics and diversity of communities. Variations in the diversity of plant species and their flower visitors could modify frequency of interactions between species; define the structure of interaction networks, and determine generalization and specialization levels in the community as well. In this context, the attempt to restore tropical forests by planting native trees can affect the structural and functional diversity and generalization level in flower-visitor networks. The main objective of this research is to compare flower-visitor networks in 5-year-old restored forests, naturally regenerated forests and native forests in an Atlantic Forest domain in southeastern Brazil. We compared these forests in relation to: 1) Richness of species and life history traits (growth form, sexual system, biotic pollination modes and dispersal modes); 2) Flower-visitor networks; 3) Generalization and specialization levels in ecological networks; 4) Robustness to species loss in ecological networks; and 5) Functional groups by floral traits and visitation frequencies of flower visitors. We evaluated the contribution of planted species on each of these aspects. Restored forests had the highest floristic richness of species in flower, but little floristic similarity with other native local forests. Similarity in the relative abundance of shrubs and lianas among habitat categories indicated the possibility of annexation of other life forms than trees in restored forests. But the presence of high relative abundance of trees in the naturally regenerated forests also indicated the potential of natural regeneration of the degraded forests. Biotic pollination and dispersal modes tended to be more diverse in restored forests, but it comes as a result of the addition of spontaneously regenerated plants to this forest. There were no significant differences in the metrics of flower-visitor networks between forest categories, although there was a trend towards high specialization of 17 interactions between flower and visitors in native forests and high robustness of species loss in restored forests. In addition, spontaneously regenerated plants received significantly more visits in the naturally regenerated forests than in restored forests, suggesting that the planted trees may reduce the visitation to the spontaneously regenerated vegetation, possibly by competing for flower visitors. With regard to functional diversity, 21 functional groups based on floral traits were recognized when all species in flower was pooled. Species of restored forests were dispersed mainly among three groups, while species from native forests were spread among all groups with almost the same number of species per group. Pollen was the variable that most contributed for grouping species. Planted trees species formed exclusive functional groups, contributing for higher diversification of floral trait to the community. However, this diversification was not higher than provided by spontaneous regenerated plants. Interaction networks between plant functional groups and taxonomic categories of flower visitors ensured that flower visitors do not seem to follow the grouping formed by floral traits. Considering that naturally regenerated forests had high relative abundance of trees, were not different from restored forests in relation to network metrics and that natural regeneration was intense in the region, we suggest paying relevant attention to spontaneous regenerated plants in restoration projects. We would like to point out that we evaluated five-year-old restored forests and there is still need to track these forests in the future.
22

Dinâmica da sucessão liquênica : padrões estruturais e funcionais como indicadores de regeneração florestal

Koch, Natália Mossmann January 2012 (has links)
A estrutura e a dinâmica da vegetação de uma floresta refletem a complexa interação entre eventos de distúrbios e processos de regeneração que atuam em múltiplas escalas temporais e espaciais. Compreender como esses processos ocorrem é de extrema importância para a conservação e o manejo das florestas. Os liquens são organismos sensíveis às mudanças ambientais, e constituem boas alternativas para o entendimento das alterações que ocorrem na floresta durante o processo de sucessão. O acesso a essas alterações pode ser feito tanto a partir da composição e riqueza de espécies dos liquens, como de atributos funcionais comuns entre diferentes espécies, abordagem que permite comparar comunidades com biogeografias distintas. Frente a isso, esta dissertação tem como objetivos principais (i) determinar os padrões estruturais da sucessão liquênica, quanto a composição, cobertura e riqueza de espécies, ao longo do gradiente de sucessão florestal, (ii) verificar a influência do ambiente e do espaço na variação das comunidades de liquens e as relações entre características ambientais dos estágios sucessionais com a composição e a taxa de substituição de espécies, (iii) determinar os padrões de organização funcional das comunidades de liquens durante a regeneração da floresta, (iv) verificar a diversidade funcional dessas comunidades e (v) verificar a possibilidade da utilização de atributos funcionais de liquens como indicadores dos estágios de sucessão florestal. Um total de 188 táxons de liquens foram amostrados em 24 unidades amostrais, divididas em três estágios de sucessão (6-10; 12-20; e 40-60 anos de regeneração após o abandono). Os resultados corroboram a hipótese principal de que as comunidades de liquens se modificam tanto estrutural quanto funcionalmente, conforme a estrutura da floresta se altera ao longo do gradiente de sucessão. Há mudanças na composição, riqueza de espécies e quanto aos atributos funcionais, estes últimos relacionados ao tipo morfológico e a algumas estruturas reprodutivas. Além disso, os resultados indicam menor turnover de espécies dentro das unidades amostrais dos estágios avançados, uma taxa maior de diversidade beta entre unidades mais distintas ao longo do gradiente de sucessão florestal e maior explicação do ambiente na variação da composição. Comunidades de liquens em florestas tropicais respondem, portanto, às modificações resultantes da sucessão ecológica, e podem servir como uma ferramenta na caracterização de áreas em estágios de regeneração e/ou conservação distintos. Esses resultados reforçam a importância dos liquens como bioindicadores das condições florestais. / Vegetation structure and dynamics in a forest reflect the complex interaction between disturbance events and regeneration processes which may act in several scales, such as temporal and spatial. In order to improve forest conservation and management, it is extremely important to comprehend how these processes occur in nature. Lichens, which are sensitive to environmental changes, are good alternatives for the understanding of forest changes due to forest succession. These changes may be acessed from lichen composition and lichen species richness, as well as from lichen functional traits, which makes possible to compare communities with distinct biogeography. Therefore, this Master’s Thesis has as main objectives to (i) determine structural patterns of lichen succession, based on composition, cover and species richness along the forest succession gradient, (ii) verify environmental and spatial influence in lichen community variation and the relation among successional stages environmental characteristics with composition and species turnover rate, (iii) determine patterns of functional organization of lichen communities during forest regeneration, (iv) verify the functional diversity of these communities and (v) verify the possibilty of using lichens functional traits as indicators of forest succession stages. A total of 188 lichen taxa were sampled in 24 sampling sites, which were split into three succession stages (from 6-10; 12-20; and 40-60 years of regeneration after being abandoned). Results confirm the main hypothesis that lichen communities change as forest structure changes along the successional gradient, regarding their structure and also functionally. There are changes in composition, species richness and functional traits, these traits related to lichen growing forms and to some reproductive structures. Besides, results also indicate less species turnover in older sampling sites, a greater beta diversity rate among more distinct sampling sites along forest succession gradient and a higher environmental explanation in composition variation. Lichen communities in tropical forests are therefore showing changes due to forest succession and may be used as another tool in characterizing areas in distinct stages of regeneration and/or conservation. These results also reinforce the importance of using lichens as bioindicators of forest conditions.
23

Associassões entre as especies arboreas do dossel e do subosque em uma floresta estacional semidecidual / Associations between canopy and understory tree species in a seasonal semideciduous forest

Souza, Flaviana Maluf de 23 February 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T15:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_FlavianaMalufde_D.pdf: 1240667 bytes, checksum: 7ce64c73162dd8df01a650e6144d90aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As interações das árvores do dossel com as plantas que se estabelecem sob suas copas e suas conseqüências na organização da comunidade são pouco conhecidas para as florestas tropicais. Neste trabalho, investigamos como a deciduidade e a síndrome de dispersão das árvores do dossel podem influenciar a estrutura e riqueza da comunidade arbustivo-arbórea do subosque em um remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, localizado na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, Gália - SP. Em uma parcela permanente 10,24 há amostramos todas as árvores do dossel (dossel e emergentes) e os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito '> ou =' 4,8com situados sob suas copas. As espécies decíduas apresentaram maior abundância relativa e maior proporção de espécies secundárias iniciais sob suas copas do que as espécies perenifólias. Dentre os grupos de dispersão das árvores do dossel, as espécies autocóricas apresentaram maior abundância relativa de indivíduos coespecificos sob suas copas, enquanto as espécies anemocóricas e zoocóricas não diferiram entre si. A abundância relativa de indivíduos zoocóricos embaixo das copas não diferiu entre os grupos de dispersão, mas a riqueza de espécies zoocóricas foi maior sob as espécies zoocóricas do dossel. Esses resultados indicam que a deciduidade pode favorecer a sobrevivência e ao crescimento das espécies mais exigentes em relação à luz como secundárias iniciais, provavelmente em decorrência do aumento na quantidade e na qualidade da luz que chega ao subosque ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: In tropical Forest, the consequence of interactions between canopy and understory plants to the community organization are poorly understood. We insvestigated how deciduousness and dispersal syndromes of canopy tree species could influence the community structure and species richness in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest located at Caetetus Ecological Station Reserve, in central-western São Paulo state, Brazil. In a 10,24 ha permanent plot, we sampled all overstory trees (canopy and emergent trees) and the trees with dameter at breaster height '> ou =' 4,8 cm under their crowns (understory trees). Deciduos canopy trees showed higher relative abundance and proportion of early secondary species under their crowns than evergreen trees. Autochorous canopy trees presented higher relative abundance of cosnpecific individuals under their crowns, while there was no difference between wind and animal-dispersed canopy trees. The relative abundance of animal-dispersed trees in the understory did not differ among dispersal guilds, but estimated zoochorous species richness was higher under zoochorus canopy trees. The results suggest that the deciduousness of canopy trees may facilitate the survival and establishment of species with higher requeriments, most possibly by providing an increase in the amount and quality of the light that reaches the understory when canopy trees are leafless ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
24

A composição isotópica do CO2 respirado e sua variabilidade sazonal na Amazônia Oriental / Isotopic composition of respired CO2 and seasonal variability in the Amazon tropical Forest

Françoise Yoko Ishida 24 September 2007 (has links)
O presente estudo foi conduzido na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FLONA) (2°51'S 54°58'W) localizado no km 67 nos anos de 2003 e 2004. O objetivo foi avaliar as mudanças na composição isotópica do carbono respirado por uma floresta e seus componentes (δ13CR), além da composição isotópica do material orgânico (δ13C) de folhas, solo, serapilheira e madeira morta. A técnica da reta de Keeling e a equação de Farquhar foram utilizadas para determinar o valor de δ13CR e para estimar o valor de ci/ca, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, o δ13C respirado pelo ecossistema foi significativamente influenciado pela sazonalidade em 2003. O δ13C das folhas apresentou uma estratificação significativa ao longo do perfil vertical, apresentando valores mais enriquecidos no topo de dossel. O valor médio de ci/ca apresentou um aumento vertical no sentido do sub-bosque. As correlações encontradas entre os valores de δ13C respirado com temperatura, DPV, RFA e precipitação indicam uma estreita relação entre as trocas gasosas e variabilidade climática local, onde a intensificação nas amostragens ao longo de dois anos consecutivos confirmou as diferenças sazonais observadas anteriormente. A definição dos padrões isotópicos de um ecossistema em diferentes condições climáticas é de fundamental importância para a melhor compreensão do ciclo do carbono, desde uma folha até o ecossistema; especialmente na região Amazônica onde as atividades antrópicas têm aumentado significativamente, fortalecendo o cenário de mudanças no clima. / This study was conducted in 2003 and 2004 at the km 67 old growth forest in the Tapajós National Forest (2 ° 51'S 54 ° 58'W). The objective was measure the carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) of respired CO2 from the entire ecosystem and isotope composition of organic components leaves, soil, litter and dead wood. The Keeling plot technique and Farquhar's leaf model was used to examine the physiological drivers of the isotopic composition of these components as well as the seasonal response for them. A variation of respired δ13CR - CO2 by the ecosystem was well related with precipitation variation, VPD and PAR, and a significant seasonal difference was found in 2003. The δ13C of leaf organic matter showed a clear stratification along the vertical profile. The estimated ci/ca ratio values showed significant differences between heights and seasons. The results indicated that the isotopic composition of respired CO2 and organic matter was sensitive to microclimatic variations; so far the δ13C values can be used to understand how environmental changes can affect the carbon cycle at ecosystem scale.
25

Changements à long terme de la structure des forêts tropicales : implications sur les bilans de biomasse. / Long-term Variation in Primary Rain Forest Structure : consequences on the biomass balances.

Rutishauser, Ervan 14 December 2010 (has links)
Le rôle joué par les forêts tropicales dans le cycle du carbone à l'échelle planétaire est majeur. Tant par les énormes quantités stockées sous forme de bois, que par les flux de CO2 séquestrées annuellement dans les troncs et le sol. Plusieurs études mettent en évidence des changements structuraux au sein des forêts pantropicales durant les 20 dernières années, notamment une augmentation de la dynamique (recrutement et mortalité) (Lewis et al. 2004b; Phillips et al. 2004b) et de la biomasse aérienne ligneuse en forêt Amazonienne (Baker et al. 2004a). Ces changements de dynamique ont été mis en relation avec une disponibilité accrue en ressources auparavant limitantes (azote et CO2) et donc liés aux changements climatiques globaux. Cependant, les processus de régénération après perturbation dans un peuplement forestier génèrent, eux aussi, une réelle accumulation de biomasse. Des perturbations endogènes (chablis, glissements de terrains) ou exogènes (sécheresses, tempêtes ou actions anthropiques) pourraient être à l'origine de ces fluctuations de dynamique forestière. Sans une connaissance approfondie de l'état initial des forêts étudiées, il semble difficile de distinguer, localement, une accumulation de biomasse liée à un effet de régénération de celle liée à un forge climatique. La présente thèse cherche à investiguer s'il existe des stades de régénération au sein d'un même massif forestier, qui illustreraient différentes perturbations asynchrones. Ces stades sont déterminés sur la base de la structure forestière (densité, diamètre quadratique moyen) et au travers de l'architecture des arbres. Après avoir estimé les flux, stocks et bilans de biomasse sur le site d'étude, ceux-ci sont mis en relation avec des stades de régénération, pour montrer que les parcelles sont formées d'une majorité de stades en croissance et que cela engendre une accumulation nette de carbone durant la période de suivi (1991-2009). / As living trees constitute one of the major stocks of carbon in tropical forests, assessing the role of these ecosystems in the carbon cycle received an increasing scientific and political interest. A better understanding of variations in the dynamics and structure of tropical forests is necessary to predict the potential of these ecosystems to lose or store carbon, and to understand how they recover from disturbances. Recent findings showed an increase of the turn-over in pantropical forests (Phillips et al. 2004a) and an increase of above-ground biomass in neotropical forests (Baker et al. 2004a). These results were attributed to an increasing availability of abiotic ressources (CO2, nitrogen) enhancing forest dynamics. Nevertheless, these findings were controversial and some scientists pointed out statistical and methodological errors (Lewis et al. 2006a; Wright 2006).The present project is based on a very different point-of-view and makes a nother interpretation of these results. The main hypothesis of this study is that the observed changes in forest dynamics around the Amazonian basin and in French Guyana are the consequence of natural endogenous processes. Tropical forests are facing recurring disturbances of various intensities and scales, ranging from tree fall (several square meters) to major drought linked to El Niño events (thousands of hectares). Thus forests would never reach equilibrium, but would rather fluctuate between short periods of disturbance and long periods of regeneration. The main findings of this study are that forests at our site can be seen as a mosaic of areas at different structural and dynamical stages, most of them increasing in mean stem diameter and accumulating biomass. The overall biomass balance is a net biomass increase that might mainly be related to endogenous forest dynamic.
26

Interação ecológica entre mamíferos terrestres frugívoros e palmeiras neotropicais /

Freitas, Paula Akkawi de. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Mauro Galetti / Resumo: As palmeiras são consideradas um recurso chave para os mamíferos terrestres tropicais. Entretanto, como as hiper-diversas guildas de frugívoros das florestas tropicais exploram recursos de palmeiras e coexistem, ainda é pouco compreendido. Neste trabalho, avaliamos como três espécies de mamíferos frugívoros terrestres, o queixada (Tayassu pecari), seu parente próximo, o cateto (Pecari tajacu) e a cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) interagem entre si e com os frutos de três espécies de palmeiras em uma floresta tropical da Mata Atlântica do Brasil. Utilizamos armadilhas fotográficas e modelos de ocupação para examinar as interações competitivas entre eles. Ao contrário de nossas expectativas, não encontramos evidências de exclusão competitiva entre esses frugívoros. Os queixadas exploraram principalmente as áreas de grande abundância da palmeira hiper-dominante Euterpe edulis, enquanto as cutias concentraram seu forrageamento em áreas com grande abundância de Syagrus oleracea e, em menor escala, Syagrus romamzoffiana. Os queixadas também responderam positivamente a Syagrus oleracea, mas apenas na ausência de cutias. Os catetos preferiram áreas de alta abundância de Syagrus romamzoffiana onde as outras duas espécies apresentaram baixa detecção ou estavam ausentes. Estes resultados sugerem que, apesar de ocuparem habitats semelhantes, estarem ativos durante as mesmas horas e compartilharem recursos de palmeiras semelhantes, as estratégias comportamentais dessas espécies permitem que elas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Palm fruits are considered a key resource for tropical terrestrial forest-dwelling mammals. Yet, how hyper-diverse assemblies of frugivores in tropical forests exploit palm resources and coexist despite high diet overlap remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluate how three species of terrestrial frugivorous mammals, the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), their close relative the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and the agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), interact with each other, and with the fruits of three palm species in a tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We used cameras-traps and occupancy models to examine competitive interactions amongst them. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence of competitive exclusion amongst these frugivores. White-lipped peccaries primarily exploited areas of large abundance of the hyper-dominant palm Euterpe edulis, whilst agoutis concentrated their foraging on areas with large abundances of Syagrus oleracea and, to a lesser extent, Syagrus romamzoffiana. White-lipped peccaries also responded positively to Syagrus oleracea, but only when agoutis were absent. Collared peccaries preferred areas of high abundance of Syagrus romamzoffiana where the other two species showed low detection or were absent. These results suggest that despite occupying similar habitats, being active during the same hours and sharing similar palm resources in an isolated forest fragment, behavioural strategies of these species allow them to coexist. / Mestre
27

Geographical Variations of Commercial Consumption and Supply of Woodfuel and its Alternatives in Northeastern Bangladesh / バングラデシュ北東部における木質燃料とその代替品の商業的な利用と供給の地理的変異

Md., Habibur Rahman 24 May 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23390号 / 農博第2463号 / 新制||農||1086(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5347(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 神﨑 護, 准教授 三谷 羊平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
28

Functional trait variations and habitat affinities of karst tree species in Guangxi Province, South China / 中国南部広西壮族自治区のカルスト地帯における樹木種の機能形質の変異とハビタット特異性

Geekiyanage, Don Anurasiri Nalaka 23 January 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20817号 / 農博第2257号 / 新制||農||1056(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5099(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 小杉 緑子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
29

Relating Ancient Maya Land Use Legacies To The Contemporary Forest Of Caracol, Belize

Hightower, Jessica N 01 January 2012 (has links)
Human land use legacies have significant and long lasting impacts across landscapes. However, investigating the impacts of ancient land use legacies ( > 400 years) remains problematic due to the difficulty in detecting ancient land uses, especially those beneath dense canopies. The city of Caracol, one of the most important Maya archaeological sites in Belize, was abandoned after the collapse of the Maya civilization (ca. A.D. 900), leaving behind numerous structures, causeways, and agricultural terraces that persist beneath the dense tropical forest of western Belize. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology enables detection of below canopy Maya archaeological features, providing an ideal opportunity to study the effects of ancient land use legacies on contemporary tropical forest composition. LiDAR also provided us with a detailed record of the 3-dimensional forest structure over the 200 km2 study area. This allowed the investigation how ancient land uses continue to impact both forest composition, in terms of tree species, and forest structure. I recorded tree species over four land use categories: 1) structures, 2) causeways, 3) terraced, and 4) non-terraced land. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and multiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) to test for differences between the classes, I found significantly distinct tree communities associated with the presence of terraces and the underlying topography. Terraced slopes appear to function as micro-valleys on the side of a hill, creating an environmental "bridge" between slope and valley tree communities. Tree species composition over causeways and structures was also found to be significantly different from terraced and non-terraced plots. Forest structure was assessed by extracting LiDAR points for terraced (n=150) and nonterraced (n=150) 0.25 ha plots. I calculated average canopy height, canopy closure, and vertical diversity from the height bins of the LiDAR points, using slope, elevation, and aspect as covariates. Using PerMANOVA I determined that forest structure over terraces was significantly different from non-terraced land. Terraces appear to mediate the effect of slope, resulting in less structural variation between slope and non-sloped land. These results led to the conclusion that human land uses abandoned >1000 years ago continue to impact the contemporary forests.
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Examining variation in the leaf mass per area of dominant species across two contrasting tropical gradients in light of community assembly

Neyret, Margot, Bentley, Lisa Patrick, Oliveras, Imma, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Barbosa Passos, Fábio, Castro Ccoscco, Rosa, dos Santos, Josias, Matias Reis, Simone, Morandi, Paulo S., Rayme Paucar, Gloria, Robles Cáceres, Arturo, Valdez Tejeira, Yolvi, Yllanes Choque, Yovana, Salinas, Norma, Shenkin, Alexander, Asner, Gregory P., Díaz, Sandra, Enquist, Brian J., Malhi, Yadvinder 08 1900 (has links)
Understanding variation in key functional traits across gradients in high diversity systems and the ecology of community changes along gradients in these systems is crucial in light of conservation and climate change. We examined inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) of sun and shade leaves along a 3330-m elevation gradient in Peru, and in sun leaves across a forest-savanna vegetation gradient in Brazil. We also compared LMA variance ratios (T-statistics metrics) to null models to explore internal (i.e., abiotic) and environmental filtering on community structure along the gradients. Community- weighted LMA increased with decreasing forest cover in Brazil, likely due to increased light availability and water stress, and increased with elevation in Peru, consistent with the leaf economic spectrum strategy expected in colder, less productive environments. A very high species turnover was observed along both environmental gradients, and consequently, the first source of variation in LMA was species turnover. Variation in LMA at the genus or family levels was greater in Peru than in Brazil. Using dominant trees to examine possible filters on community assembly, we found that in Brazil, internal filtering was strongest in the forest, while environmental filtering was observed in the dry savanna. In Peru, internal filtering was observed along 80% of the gradient, perhaps due to variation in taxa or interspecific competition. Environmental filtering was observed at cloud zone edges and in lowlands, possibly due to water and nutrient availability, respectively. These results related to variation in LMA indicate that biodiversity in species rich tropical assemblages may be structured by differential niche-based processes. In the future, specific mechanisms generating these patterns of variation in leaf functional traits across tropical environmental gradients should be explored.

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