Cheung Kin Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Divergent meanings of trust and institution --- p.1 / Research questions --- p.1 / Structure of thesis --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Trust and Bounded Rationality / Meaning and the four key elements of trust --- p.5 / Plausible loss due to lack of certainty --- p.7 / Positive expectation by a trusting party --- p.8 / Relevance to human interaction --- p.9 / Intentionality --- p.10 / Trust and Rationality --- p.13 / Herbert Simon's bounded rationality --- p.13 / "Bounded rationality, use of authority, and trust" --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Theory of Institution / Institutionalisms in Politics and Exchange of Insights --- p.23 / Understanding of North's Works --- p.25 / North's understanding of human rationality and economic performance --- p.25 / "Core idea, major traits of institution and its relationship with actors" --- p.30 / Learning and Accumulation of Experiences --- p.38 / Plasticity of human brain --- p.44 / Path dependence and change of institution --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Trust and Institution / Divergent understandings of relationship of trust and institution --- p.54 / At the neural level: institutionalized experience and neural systems for trust --- p.57 / At interpersonal and organizational level: reciprocal trust and impacts of empowerment --- p.62 / At organizational and macro-social level: deprivation experience and social violence --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.73 / References --- p.76

Research on social capital during the past two decades has shown that willingness to trust is linked to a host of individual and social outcomes, such as health, education, democracy, and robust economies. In this thesis I examine the ways in which religion may affect attitudes of trust, employing both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Specifically, three aspects of religion have been examined: denominational affiliation, spiritual belief, and the nature of the social interactions of the members of a faith community. Contextual factors relating a particular tradition to the broader society have also been included in the analysis. My findings suggest that although there is scant evidence to the effect of theology on trust, a much stronger influence on trust comes from the nature of social interactions (in the form of community‐building) and contextual factors (i.e., having a history of discrimination or being a resident of Quebec). / ix, 154 leaves ; 29 cm

关于信任和社会资本的现有文献中存在着以下几点不足有待改进。第一，有关信任格局及比较不同信任类型差异的研究方法有待完善。第二，对信任（尤其是普遍信任）是否存在地区差异的学术研究还很欠缺。第三，在当前关于信任的影响因素研究中，尤其是关于社会资本是否会影响信任的研究中，存在着社会资本概念模糊导致社会资本与信任关系不清的问题。社会资本与信任之间是线性关系还是曲线关系也有待理清。第四，社会资本与普遍信任的关系是否受到制度性结构资源的调节仍然是研究的空白点。 / 为了填补以上现有文献中的不足，本研究引入新的数据分析方法考察中国城镇居民信任的构成以及比较各个信任类型的程度差异，并在总结了相关信任和社会资本理论的基础上，主张“资源（包括信息）影响信任的观点，从“网络资源观出发，分析两个维度的社会资本对普遍信任的影响及效用差异，以及制度性结构资源对此影响的调节作用。 / 本研究发现中国城镇居民的信任呈现“差序格局。具体来说，中国城镇居民对自然人群体的信任低于对制度群体的信任，人际信任内部有非常明显的差异，个体对家人的信任远远高于其他自然人，而制度信任内部则差异较小。另外，本研究发现普遍信任存在地区差异，具体表现为南方城镇居民高于北方城镇居民；东部高于中部，而西部最低。 / 本研究还采用社会资本的多维度视角，将社会资本划分为讨论网社会资本和拜年网社会资本两类。数据显示中国城镇居民的讨论网社会资本（以定名法测量）呈现出相对规模大、资源丰富、密度高以及异质性强等特点。拜年网社会资本（以定位法测量）则具有亲属人数多、成员互动多、职业规模小、资源总量偏低等特点。总体来看，大部分人的拜年网络资源并不丰富，并且资源的占有存在等级性和有限性。 / 就社会资本和普遍信任之间的关系看，本研究发现社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响。具体地说，讨论网社会资本对普遍信任带来负面影响，而拜年网社会资本则正面地影响中国城镇居民的普遍信任。总的来说，社会资本的增加有助于提高信任水平，并且这种增加符合边际效用曲线。最后，本研究验证了社会资本对普遍信任的影响会受到一些制度性结构资源因素（籍、房产、工作场所）的调节。 / 本研究的相关结论有助于更为清楚、明确地了解中国当前各信任种类的程度差异，更好地把握和了解民众的社会行动，为决策者在改进社会制度方面的政策制定上提供参考。对普遍信任的地区差异的考察为相关的政策在监管不同区域的经济和社会行为时提供了可行性的指导。对两类不同维度的社会资本的效用比较更清楚地解构了社会资本在信任生成上的差异，对了解中国本土的社会关系网络提供了新的视角，方便行动者更为理性地认识自身信任产生的缘由，合理地调整和建构自身能够动用的资源以实现行为目的。有关结构性资源的调节作用分析，有助于更全面地认识社会资本和信任、个体和结构的关系。 / There are several gaps in the existing literature on trust and social capital. First, the methods of analyzing the trust structure and comparing different types of trust need to be improved. Second, few studies have explored the regional difference of trust, especially generalized trust, although China has dramatic diversities geographically, culturally and economically. Third, it still hasn’t been convincingly explored that whether there is a relationship, if any, linear or nonlinear, between social capital and trust in the literature. Fourth, it is still unknown that whether the institutional resources will condition the relationship between social capital and trust. / In order to fill these gaps, this research applies a new data analyzing method to study the trust structure in urban China, and compare the differences among its components. This research also carefully scrutinizes different trust theories and social capital theories, advocates the resource view of social capital, and proposes that social capital measured in two different dimensions will affect the level of generalized trust, conditioned by several institutional resources. / The results show that Chaxugeju does exist in the respondents’ trust in natural persons. Specifically, the trust placed in natural persons is lower than in institutions. Chaxugeju is more remarkable in interpersonal trust than in institutional trust. In terms of regional variations, the respondents in Southern China show higher level of generalized trust than their counterparts in Northern China. In addition, the rank-order from high to low in the level of generalized trust is the East, the Middle, and the West. / In this study, the concept of social capital is measured from two dimensions. One is social capital embedded in discussion network (by the name generator), the other is social capital embedded in New Year greeting network (by the position generator). The data show that the urban residents’ discussion networks are relatively large, resourceful, dense and highly heterogeneous. On the other hand, the New Year greeting networks have the following features: containing more relatives, more interaction among members, smaller size, and less embedded yet unequally distributed resources. / The results confirm the hypothesis that social capital affects the generalized trust. Specifically, social capital embedded in discussion network negatively affects trust while social capital embedded in New Year greeting network positively influences trust. Overall, social capital has positive impact on the generalized trust in a nonlinear way. Finally, the results confirm that the relationship between social capital and trust is contingent on several institutional factors like Hukou, housing, and Danwei. / The results are not only meaningful academically; they also help understand current China and help shape the policy making in relevant fields. It gives clearer and more definite description on differences among types of trust in current urban China, which shed lights on the mechanisms behind social actions taken by citizens, and provides references for improving social policy. The findings on regional differences of generalized trust permit local government to adopt different policies to supervise economy and social action regionally, instead of using unified standard. The decomposition of social capital into two dimensional social capital provides a new perspective to understand social network in China. Such understanding makes agents construct and utilize their resources efficiently to fulfill their action purposes. Finally, the analysis on moderating effects of structural resources draws a clearer and more complete picture on the relation between social capital and trust and on the relation between individual resources and institutional structures. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄒宇春. / "2013年3月" / "2013 nian 3 yue" / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zou Yuchun. / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究缘起 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究问题与贡献 --- p.3 / Chapter 四、 --- 论文的章节安排 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献回顾 --- p.7 / Chapter 一、 --- 信任理论与经验研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （一） --- 信任及其差异的比较研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （二） --- 影响信任生成的因素与机制 --- p.15 / Chapter （三） --- 有关信任生成机制的一个讨论：传统视角 vs. 网络视角 --- p.20 / Chapter （四） --- 普遍信任的重要性及生成机制 --- p.22 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本 --- p.24 / Chapter （一） --- 概念厘清 --- p.24 / Chapter （二） --- 理论介绍 --- p.26 / Chapter （三） --- 测量理念 --- p.29 / Chapter （四） --- 指标设置 --- p.30 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本的回报 --- p.31 / Chapter 三、 --- 社会资本与普遍信任 --- p.33 / Chapter （一） --- 信任不等于社会资本 --- p.33 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本对普遍信任的作用机制 --- p.34 / Chapter （三） --- 多维度理论 --- p.35 / Chapter 四、 --- 社会资本效用空间理论：结构资源的调节作用 --- p.37 / Chapter （一） --- 戶口 --- p.38 / Chapter （二） --- 住房 --- p.39 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所 --- p.40 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究构架与方法 --- p.42 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究架构 --- p.42 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究假设 --- p.43 / Chapter 三、 --- 数据，变量和分析模型 --- p.53 / Chapter （一） --- 数据 --- p.53 / Chapter （二） --- 变量和分析模型 --- p.54 / Chapter 第四章 --- 信任的差序格局与地区差异 --- p.68 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.68 / Chapter 二、 --- 子信任类型的基本情况 --- p.69 / Chapter （一） --- 对家人的信任 --- p.69 / Chapter （二） --- 对邻居的信任 --- p.70 / Chapter （三） --- 对外地人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （四） --- 对陌生人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （五） --- 对居委干部的信任 --- p.72 / Chapter （六） --- 对政府的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （七） --- 对警察的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （八） --- 对医生的信任 --- p.75 / Chapter （九） --- 对国内广播电视报刊新闻的信任 --- p.76 / Chapter （十） --- 对法院/法官的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十一） --- 对科学家的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十二） --- 对商人的信任 --- p.78 / Chapter （十三） --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 三、 --- 子信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （一） --- 十二类信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （二） --- 自然人信任与制度信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （三） --- 自然人内部的信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （四） --- 制度代表内部的信任差异比较 --- p.82 / Chapter （五） --- 小结 --- p.83 / Chapter 四、 --- 普遍信任的地区差异 --- p.84 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.84 / Chapter （二） --- 差异验证 --- p.85 / Chapter （三） --- 小结 --- p.86 / Chapter 五、 --- 普遍信任与木桶理论 --- p.89 / Chapter 第五章 --- 城镇居民的社会资本分析 --- p.90 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.90 / Chapter 二、 --- 讨论网社会资本 --- p.90 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.91 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.95 / Chapter 三、 --- 拜年网社会资本 --- p.98 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.98 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.102 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.105 / Chapter （一） --- 讨论网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.106 / Chapter （二） --- 拜年网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.107 / Chapter （三） --- 个体社会资本：一个“小世界 --- p.108 / Chapter （四） --- 数据之外：辩证地看待两个社会资本维度 --- p.111 / Chapter 第六章 --- 社会资本对普遍信任的影响 --- p.114 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.114 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.114 / Chapter （一） --- 两个维度社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响 --- p.115 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.116 / Chapter （三） --- 两类资本的曲线效用比较 --- p.118 / Chapter （四） --- 个人特征变量的作用 --- p.119 / Chapter 三、 --- 结构资源的调节作用 --- p.121 / Chapter （一） --- 口资源 --- p.122 / Chapter （二） --- 住房资源 --- p.125 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所资源 --- p.126 / Chapter （四） --- 小结 --- p.130 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本效用的“鲁棒性 --- p.132 / Chapter 第七章 --- 结论、贡献与反思 --- p.134 / Chapter 一、 --- 结论 --- p.134 / Chapter 二、 --- 贡献 --- p.136 / Chapter 三、 --- 反思 --- p.137 / Chapter （一） --- 社会资本与普遍信任的因果关系 --- p.137 / Chapter （二） --- 地方性数据和缺省值处理 --- p.138 / Chapter （三） --- 公共资源和个体资源 --- p.138 / Chapter （四） --- 社会资本的维度 --- p.138 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本里的信息 --- p.139 / Chapter 图2.1 --- 影响信任的主要因素图谱 --- p.140 / Chapter 图2.2 --- 结构性位置的相对优势和社会资源分布 --- p.141 / Chapter 图2.3 --- 网络资源观下的社会资本指标示意图 --- p.142 / Chapter 图3.1 --- 研究分析框架 --- p.143 / Chapter 图4.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任分布情况图 --- p.144 / Chapter 表3.1 --- 数据转换示例 --- p.145 / Chapter 表3.2 --- 不同职业的声望分数与权力分数 --- p.146 / Chapter 表4.1.1 --- 中国大城市社会网与求职调查（JSNET2009）原始数据的样本情况 --- p.147 / Chapter 表4.1.2 --- 个人特征与对家人信任度的相关分析 --- p.148 / Chapter 表4.1.3 --- 个人特征与对邻居信任度的相关分析 --- p.149 / Chapter 表4.1.4 --- 个人特征与对外地人信任度的相关分析 --- p.150 / Chapter 表4.1.5 --- 个人特征与对陌生人信任度的相关分析 --- p.151 / Chapter 表4.1.6 --- 个人特征与对居委干部信任度的相关分析 --- p.152 / Chapter 表4.1.7 --- 个人特征与对政府信任度的相关分析 --- p.153 / Chapter 表4.1.8 --- 个人特征与对警察信任度的相关分析 --- p.154 / Chapter 表4.1.9 --- 个人特征与对医生信任度的相关分析 --- p.155 / Chapter 表4.1.10 --- 个人特征与对新闻信任度的相关分析 --- p.156 / Chapter 表4.1.11 --- 个人特征与对法院/法官信任度的相关分析 --- p.157 / Chapter 表4.1.12 --- 个人特征与对科学家信任度的相关分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 表4.1.13 --- 个人特征与对商人信任度的相关分析 --- p.159 / Chapter 表4.2.1 --- 信任的格局以及两群体信任的对比分析 --- p.160 / Chapter 表4.2.2 --- 自然人及制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.161 / Chapter 表4.2.3 --- 自然人信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.162 / Chapter 表4.2.4 --- 制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.163 / Chapter 表4.3.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任的排序情况 --- p.164 / Chapter 表4.3.2 --- 城镇居民普遍信任地域差异的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.165 / Chapter 表4.4.1 --- 城镇居民普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析（年龄分组） --- p.166 / Chapter 表5.1.1 --- 讨论网社会资本的指标描述 --- p.167 / Chapter 表5.1.2 --- 讨论网规模与比较 --- p.168 / Chapter 表5.1.3 --- 讨论网亲属人数与比较 --- p.169 / Chapter 表5.1.4 --- 讨论网非亲属人数与比较 --- p.170 / Chapter 表5.1.5 --- 讨论网密度与比较 --- p.171 / Chapter 表5.1.6 --- 年龄异质性与比较 --- p.172 / Chapter 表5.1.7 --- 教育异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.8 --- 性别异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.9 --- 讨论网关系类型的国家比较 --- p.174 / Chapter 表5.1.10 --- 讨论网关系类型的城市比较 --- p.175 / Chapter 表5.2.1 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.176 / Chapter 表5.2.2 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网指标的回归分析 --- p.177 / Chapter 表5.3.1 --- 拜年网社会资本的指标概况 --- p.178 / Chapter 表5.3.2 --- 拜年网内各个职业的比例情况 --- p.179 / Chapter 表5.4.1 --- 各项个人特征对拜年规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.180 / Chapter 表5.4.2 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网指标的回归分析 --- p.181 / Chapter 表5.4.3 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网纽带指标的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.182 / Chapter 表6.1.1 --- 中国综合调查2003（CGSS2003）样本情况 --- p.183 / Chapter 表6.1.2 --- 两维度社会资本因子对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.184 / Chapter 表6.1.3 --- 社会资本二次项对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.185 / Chapter 表6.1.4 --- 两维度社会资本因子自然对数对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.186 / Chapter 表6.2.1 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.187 / Chapter 表6.2.2 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.188 / Chapter 表6.2.3 --- 家庭成员“农转非对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.189 / Chapter 表6.2.4 --- 家庭成员“农转非对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.190 / Chapter 表6.2.5 --- 房产资源对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.191 / Chapter 表6.2.6 --- 房产资源对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.192 / Chapter 表6.2.7 --- 工作场所性质对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.193 / Chapter 表6.2.8 --- 工作场所性质对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.194 / Chapter 表6.2.9 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.195 / Chapter 表6.2.10 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.196 / Chapter 表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.197 / Chapter 续表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.198 / 参考文献 --- p.199

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In today's fast paced world, people have become increasingly interested in online communication to facilitate their lives and make it faster. This goes on from simple social interactions to more advanced actions like shopping on the internet. The presence of such activities makes it crucial for people to use their common sense and judgment to process all this information and evaluate what/who they trust and what/whom they do not. This process would have been much easier if the number of people in such networks is really small and manageable. However, there are millions of users who are hooked online every day. This makes the person very overwhelmed with his trusting decision, especially when it comes to interacting with strangers over the internet, and/or buying personal items, especially expensive ones. Therefore, many trust models have been proposed by computer scientists trying to evaluate and manage the trust between users using different techniques and combining many factors. What these computer scientists basically do is coming up with mathematical formulas and models to express trust in online networks and capture its parameters. However, social scientists are the people better trained to deal with concepts related to human behaviors and their cognitive thinking such as trust. Thus, in order for computer scientists to support their ideas and get a better insight about how to direct their research, people like social scientists should contribute. With this in mind, we realized in our group work the importance of such contribution, so we came up with the idea of my research work. In my search, I tried to find how these social scientists think and tackle a dynamic notion like trust, so we can use their findings in order to enhance our work and trust model. Through the chapters, I will discuss an already developed trust model that uses measurement theory in modeling trust. I will refer back to this model and see how other social scientists dealt with some of the issues encountered by the model and its functionality. Some small experiments have been done to show and compare our results with social scientists results for the same matter. One of the most important and controversial points to be discussed from social scientists' point of view is whether trust is transitive or not. Other points to be discussed and supported by social scientists' research include aggregation, reputation, timing effects on trust, reciprocity, and experience effects on trust. Some of these points are classified into trust mapping categories and others are related to trust management or decision making stages. In sum, this work is a multidisciplinary study of trust whose overall goal is to enhance our work and results, as computer scientists.