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The Tucson Basin is a semi-arid alluvial basin in southeastern Arizona in which the Santa Cruz River, an ephemeral stream, flows south to north with its flows resulting directly from rainfall. The City of Tucson discharges treated sewage effluent into the bed of the Santa Cruz and to some irrigated farms. Previous investigations indicate that sewage effluent is recharging the Tucson Basin Aquifer with the water spreading horizontally in the Fort Lowell Formation. The ¹⁸0/¹⁶0 ratios determined in water samples by the author support the findings of these previous investigations. Sewage effluent had an average δc0-18 value of -7.9 per mil and water samples from the north Santa Cruz wells had an average δc0-18 value of -9.3 per mil. Up hydraulic gradient, the ¹⁸0/¹⁶0 ratios are lighter indicating that sewage recharge water has mixed with ground water. In the case of one well in the mixed zone, it is calculated that approximately 70 percent of the water comes from sewage recharge and 30 percent from normal ground water. Recharge water spreads horizontally in the Fort Lowell Formation up to two miles on each side of the river. The δc0-18 values of water samples from the south Santa Cruz wells averaged -8.9 per mil and compared closely to the average δc0-18 values for summer flows in the Santa Cruz River of -8.2 per mil.

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The research discussed in this study involves examining Late Archaic settlement and subsistence practices in the Tucson Basin. The Late Archaic encompasses the time period from 3000 BP until the adoption of ceramics, ca. AD 200, and witness many changes in adaptation including a reduction in residential mobility and the adoption of cultigens. Data from excavations of Late Archaic sites in the Tucson Basin and elsewhere in the southern desert have documented agricultural villages dispersed along major waterways by 2500 BP. Much of the research has been limited to excavation of sites in single environmental zones, primarily the floodplain, however, and limited information on exploitation or occupation of other ecological zones has been available. This study uses a regional data base to examine Late Archaic occupation of all ecological zones in the Tucson Basin. The Tucson Basin Survey, a 100 percent survey of the Northern Tucson Basin, has provided a unique opportunity for interpreting Late Archaic settlement and subsistence. Late Archaic site distributions are analyzed and assemblage and other site data are used to determine potential roles of sites within the Late Archaic settlement system. The Tucson Basin environment is examined to determine its influence on settlement and subsistence practices. Existing models of Late Archaic settlement-subsistence systems are evaluated using the survey data, and three potential settlement-subsistence models are proposed.

This dissertation is a study of territoriality as it may appear in children's experience of the neighborhood. A review of the literature on human territoriality reveals six major dimensions: boundaries and markers, defense and control, resources and activities, social relations, psychological qualities and identity. There is also an important developmental aspect, in which territoriality may be a natural outgrowth of human learning and maturation. An examination of theoretical approaches to child development provides some important insights toward uncovering a common process underlying territoriality and development, including an ecological definition of environment, the developmental theories of Piaget and the organismic-developmentalists, the psychoanalytic views of environmental mastery and transitional phenomena, play research, and the developmental approaches to spatial cognition. In a case study in Tucson, Arizona, the territorial dimensions of boundedness, activities, control, social relations, and identity were used as a framework for study of children's perception of and behavior in their neighborhoods. A sample of 100 children in Grades 4-6 at an elementary school were interviewed using an aerial photograph, as well as asked to provide a written description of their neighborhoods and take a Locus of Control Test. A smaller subsample of 15 was used for a more detailed study involving sketch maps, diaries, neighborhood tours, subject-employed photography, the Who Am I Test, and interviews with parents. The results suggested children's neighborhoods are well-defined spatially, and are seen primarily as an activity space. The neighborhoods were distinct from outside areas in terms of the amount, variety, and type of games and other activities, with a social organization that seemed to built upon play. However, a major portion of children's social relations, as measured by the locations of best friends, was not associated with their neighborhoods. Inside their neighborhoods were found most of the children's forts, playhouses, hideouts, and special play areas, but their favorite places were about evenly divided between locations inside and outside the neighborhoods. Neighborhood place associations were somewhat linked to personal identity, but not to locus of control. Limiting factors on the extent of the children's neighborhoods were parents, streets, and mode of transportation.